His102 exam 4 ppt

Who was elected president of the French Republic in 1848?

Louis Napoleon

What government did Louis Napoleon establish in 1852?

the Second French Empire, declaring himself Emperor Napoleon III after staging a coup d'état. This replaced the Second Republic and marked the transition to an authoritarian regime that lasted until 1870. 

What did Napoleon III control under his autocratic rule?

The armed forces, police, and civil service

What were Napoleon III’s early domestic achievements?

He completed all of the major French railways, and
tripled the iron production.
 To appease the lower and middle classes he provided
hospitals and free medicine for the workers and
improved housing for the workers.
 He also reconstructed Paris making it more spacious

What was Napoleon III’s main failure abroad?

His failed attempt to control Mexico through Archduke Maximilian.

What was the cause of the Crimean War?

-dispute over the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land and Russian demands to be the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

-More broadly, it stemmed from the decline of the Ottoman Empire, Russian expansionism, and a power struggle between Great Britain and France, who sought to check Russia's growth and maintain the balance of power in Europe.  

Which nations fought in the Crimean War?

Russia vs. the Ottoman Empire, France, and Great Britain.

Who helped end the Crimean War?

Alexander II of Russia signing the Treaty of Paris (1856).

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A British nurse who improved battlefield sanitation during the Crimean War.

What was the result of the Crimean War?

It ended the Concert of Europe and left Austria isolated.

Who unified Germany?

Otto von Bismarck.

What wars led to German unification?

The Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian Wars.

When was the Second German Empire created?

January 18, 1871 at Versailles.

Who issued the Emancipation Edict of 1861 in Russia?

Tsar Alexander II.

What did the Emancipation Edict do?

Abolished serfdom in Russia. The edict was signed by Tsar Alexander II and was part of a larger effort to modernize Russia, improve its military, and prevent future social unrest. 

What was the Mir system in Russia?

Village communes that controlled land payments and restricted peasants’ freedom.

Who was Alexander Herzen?

A Russian radical writer, thinker, and activist known as the "father of Russian socialism" and a precursor of peasant populism. He is also known for his autobiography, My Past and Thoughts, and for establishing Russia's first free press in exile to circulate radical periodicals.  

Who was Vera Zasulich?

A revolutionary who supported violence and inspired “The People’s Will.”

known for attempting to assassinate the Governor of St. Petersburg, Fyodor Trepov, in 1878, which led to a high-profile trial where she was acquitted. She is also known for co-founding Russia's first Marxist organization, the Liberation of Labor group, and for her later role in the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.  

What was the Victorian Age?

A period of prosperity and pride under Queen Victoria.

-It was marked by rapid industrialization, technological innovation, and social and political reforms, but also by stark social inequalities, urban poverty, and harsh working conditions, particularly for children.

Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

What did Marx predict the proletariat would do?

Overthrow the bourgeoisie and form a classless society.

What is Realism?

An artistic and literary movement focusing on material reality rather than romantic ideals.

Who published On the Origin of Species?

Charles Darwin.

What was natural selection?

The theory that species evolve through survival of the fittest.

Who were famous Realist writers?

Gustave Flaubert and William Thackeray.

Who were famous Realist artists and musicians?

• Examples of Realist artists where Gustave Corbet where the term
  “realism” originated in regards to one his paintings

• Notable musicians from the Realist era were Franz Liszt and Richard
  Wagner with his Ride of the Valkyries.

Before 1914, what traditional values were challenged in Europe?

Scientific and Enlightenment ideals.

What is Modernism?

A cultural movement rejecting traditional art and literature for new, innovative forms.

What was Naturalism?

A literary style focusing on realistic depictions of life and social problems.

Who were famous Naturalist writers?

Emile Zola and Leo Tolstoy.

What was Symbolism?

A literary movement emphasizing symbols and inner reality over objective truth.

-Symbolist writers believed that the external world was not real but only a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality of the individual
human mind.

Who were famous Symbolist poets?

W.B. Yeats and Rainer Maria Rilke.

What was Impressionism?

An art movement emphasizing light, color, and outdoor painting.

Who were famous Impressionist artists?

Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Claude Monet.

What was Post-Impressionism?

an art movement (c. 1880s–1905) where artists built upon, but also rejected, Impressionism's focus on fleeting visual impressions of light and color..

Who were famous Post-Impressionists?

Paul Cezanne and Vincent van Gogh.

What is Cubism?

An art style using geometric shapes to represent multiple perspectives.

Who developed Cubism?

Pablo Picasso.

Who invented the Kodak camera?

George Eastman.

What was Modernism in music?

A movement expressing national identity and new sounds.

Who were notable Modernist composers?

Edvard Grieg, Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky.

How were Jews treated during the Middle Ages?

They faced portrayed as the murderers of Jesus and were subjected to mob violence., ghettos.

What changed for Jews after the Enlightenment?

• Jews were increasingly granted legal equality in many European countries.

• The French Revolutionary decrees of 1790 and 1791 emancipated Jews and admitted them to full citizenship.

• For many Jews emancipation enabled them to leave the ghetto and become part of society.

• Some were able to enter parliament and universities while
  many became successful bankers, scientists, scholars, and
  performers.

What was the Christian Socialist Party’s stance on Jews?

The Christian Social Party of Austria was deeply antisemitic, using populist rhetoric to blame Jews for social and economic problems and combined workers’ agitation with anti-Semitism.

Where was anti-Semitism strongest in Europe?

In Austria and Germany.

What was a pogrom?

An organized massacre of Jews in Russia.

What was Zionism?

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Who was Theodor Herzl?

Often called the founder of modern political Zionism, Herzl expounded on the need for a Jewish homeland and created an effective organizational framework for this political movement..

Why was it difficult to settle Jews in Palestine before WWI?

Because the Ottoman Empire opposed Jewish immigration.

What was the goal of the First Zionist Congress?

To create a legal Jewish home in Palestine.

What transformation did the U.S. undergo between 1860 and 1914?

From an agrarian to an industrial nation.

Who founded Carnegie Steel?

Andrew Carnegie.

What was the Gilded Age?

a time in U.S. history, roughly from the 1870s to 1900, that appeared prosperous on the surface but was full of problems underneath. During this era, the country saw massive industrial growth, railroads expanded, and new technologies emerged, but this "glittering" surface hid issues like political corruption, growing wealth inequality, and poor working conditions for many people. 

What reforms came from the Progressive Era?

Laws improving working conditions, hours, and child labor.

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

A war between Russia and Japan over Korea and Manchuria.

What was the result of the Russo-Japanese War?

a decisive Japanese victory, marking Japan as the first Asian power to defeat a European nation in modern times and establishing Japan as a major global power and shocked European powers.

What triggered the Russian Revolution of 1905?

it triggered by a combination of factors including the humiliating military defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, widespread discontent over the Tsar's autocratic rule, and severe economic hardship for peasants and urban workers.

What happened on “Bloody Sunday”?

Russian troops fired on peaceful protestors in St. Petersburg.

What did the October Manifesto grant?

-granted civil liberties, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, and conscience.

-It also established a national, elected legislative body called the State Duma, and promised that no new law could be enacted without its approval.

What was the Three Emperors League?

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

Why did the Three Emperors League fail?

Rivalries between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans.

What was the Treaty of San Stefano?

a peace agreement signed on March 3, 1878, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and created Bulgaria as a Russian satellite state.

What did the Congress of Berlin do?

Reduced Bulgaria’s size and returned territory to the Ottoman Empire.

What was the Triple Alliance?

An alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy.

What was the Reinsurance Treaty?

A secret German-Russian treaty designed by Otto von Bismarck to prevent a two-front war for Germany and Franco-Russian alliance.

Who ended the Reinsurance Treaty?

Emperor William II of Germany.

What was the Triple Entente?

An alliance between Britain, France, and Russia.

What caused tensions before WWI?

Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Balkan nationalism.

What were the Balkan Wars?

Conflicts over former Ottoman territories (1912–1913).

-n the First Balkan War, the Balkan League (Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria) defeated the Ottoman Empire, seizing its European territories.

-The Second Balkan War followed when Bulgaria attacked its former allies over the division of the spoils, leading to Bulgaria's defeat by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire.  

Why did Austria-Hungary fear Serbia?

It threatened to unite Slavic peoples and destabilize the empire.

Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914, starting WWI?

Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria.

What was militarism?

The belief in building large, powerful armies to prepare for war.

Which nations had the largest armies in 1914?

Russia, France, and Germany.

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

-Germany's 1905 military strategy to win a two-front war against France and Russia by first quickly defeating France through a rapid invasion of Belgium, before turning to fight Russia.

-The plan's core idea was to avoid French defenses on the Franco-German border and instead sweep around them.

Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?

German forces were weakened on the western flank.

What was the First Battle of the Marne?

A 1914 battle where France and Britain stopped the German advance near Paris.

What was trench warfare?

a type of combat where opposing armies fought from fortified systems of trenches dug into the ground, leading to a stalemate with little mobility..

How was the war different on the Eastern Front?

It was more mobile with large movements of troops.

Who were Germany’s top generals in the East?

Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff.

What was the outcome of the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes?

Russia was defeated and no longer a threat to Germany.

Which countries defeated Serbia in 1915?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria. Germany and Austria-Hungary invaded from the north, and Bulgaria invaded from the east, overwhelming the Serbian army and forcing a retreat. 

What made breakthroughs difficult in trench warfare?

Machine guns and artillery put tons of men advancing unprotected across
open fields at a severe disadvantage.

What were major battles of the Great Slaughter?

Verdun, the Somme, Ypres, and Champagne.

How many soldiers died at Verdun?

Over 700,000 in 10 months.

Which nations joined Germany in WWI?

The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

What was the Gallipoli Campaign?

A failed Allied attempt to open a Balkan front against the Ottomans.

Why did the U.S. join WWI?

German unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania.

When did the U.S. declare war on Germany?

April 6, 1917.

What was the Second Battle of the Marne?

Germany’s failed final major German offensive of World War I, launched as a diversionary attack to draw Allied troops away from another planned offensive in Flanders.

Who led the Allied counterattack at the Second Battle of the Marne?

Ferdinand Foch.

When did WWI end?

November 11, 1918 (Armistice Day).

Who overthrew Germany’s monarchy at the end of WWI?

Friedrich Ebert and the Social Democrats.

How many soldiers died in WWI?

About 8–9 million.

What was the “lost generation”?

Survivors of WWI marked by trauma and disillusionment.