Exam 1 Anatomy

Anatomy

The branch of science concerned with the structure and organization of body parts and their relationships.

Physiology

The branch of science dealing with the function of body parts and the body's overall functioning.

Levels of structural organization

Hierarchy from chemical level to chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism; shows how parts fit together. (Atoms-molecules-cells-tissues-organs-organ system-organism)

Principle of Complementarity

The function of a system is dependent upon the form of the structure that composes that system

What are the 11 body systems ? (MINESRRCDLU)

Muscular, Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Skeletal, Respiratory, Reproductive, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Lymphatic, Urinary

Integumentary

hair,skin, nails; houses pain and pressure receptors

Skeletal

Bones, joints; framework and supports body organs

Muscular

Muscles; locomotion, maintains posture and produces heat

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves; body’s control system, activated muscles and glands

Endocrine

Pineal, pituitary,adrenal and thyroid glands, thymus, ovary, testes; secrete hormones for growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood vessels; transport blood via blood vessels, carries O2, CO2, and waste

Lymphatic

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes; returns excess fluid from blood vessels to blood, houses lymphocytes, immune response

Respiratory

Lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus; supports blood with O2, exchanges gas

Digestive

Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus; break down and expel food

Urinary

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra; regulate H2O, electrolytes, filter through kidneys

Reproductive

Prostate, penis, tested, scrotum, ductus deferens, mammary gland, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina; produce sperm and egg

Anatomical position

Body erect, feet apart, palms forwards

Superior

Cephalad, cranial, caudel; towards the head

Inferior

caudal, toward the tail

Anterior

ventral, front of body

Posterior

dorsal, back of body

Superficial

external, on surface of body

Deep

internal, toward organs

Proximal

close to point of attachment

Distal

away from point of attachment

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

away from midline, to side

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

Contains the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

contains the heart and lungs

Mediastinum

Median compartment of the thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity

Fluid filled space around the lungs

Pericardial Cavity

Fluid filled space around the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

Contains the digestive organs, kidneys, and ureters

Pelvic cavity

Contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rectum

RUQ

Right Upper quadrant

RLQ

Right lower quadrant

LUQ

Left upper quadrant

LLQ

Left lower quadrant

Right Hypochondriac Region

right of the epigastric region, contains gallbladder, right kidney & liver

Epigastric region

Contains duodenum & parts of liver, stomach and pancreas

Left hypochondriac region

Left of epigastric region, contains spleen and parts of stomach, left kidney and large intestine

Right lumbar region

Right of the umbilical region, contains large intestine, small intestine and right kidney

Left lumbar region

Left of umbilical region, contains large intestine, small intestine, and left kidney

Umbilical region

Center of grid, contains transverse colon and small intestine

Right iliac region

Right of hypogastric region, contains cecum, appendix, and part of small intestine

Hypogastric region

Bottom of middle column, contains urinary bladder, sigmoid colon and part of small intestine

Left iliac region

Left of hypogastric region, contains large and small intestine

Heart membrane #1

Parietal pericardium, outer serous membrane layer of the heart

Heart membrane #2

Visceral pericardium, innermost serous membrane of the heart

Heart membrane #3

Pericardial cavity, fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral layers

Lung membrane #4

Parietal pleura, outer serous membrane of the lungs

Lung membrane #5

Visceral pleura, innermost serous membrane of the lungs

Lung membrane #6

Pleural cavity, fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral membranes

Abdominopelvic Membrane #7

Parietal peritoneum, outermost serous membrane layer of the Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Membrane #8

Visceral peritoneum, innermost serous membrane layer lining the digestive organs

Abdominopelvic Membrane #9

Peritoneal Cavity, fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral layers

Cell

Smallested structural unit with all the characteristics of life

3 Major elements of a cell + functions

Plasma membrane- cell boundary

Cytoplasm- cytosol contains organelles

Nucleus- DNA

Chemical composition of the plasma membrane ?

Biomolcularlayer of lipids( phospholipids & glycolipids) and proteins, keeps membrane stable to separate interstitial fluid from surrounding extracellular fluid

Compare tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

Tight junctions- impermeable, prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space

Desmosomes-anchor cells together, form a tension reducing fiber network(zipper)

Gap junctions- allow small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

Positive Feedback mechanisms

Caused more of an action to occur

ex. Blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

Negative Feedback mechanism

Homeostatic control mechanism, reduces intensity & inhibits action from continuing to occur

Ex. Sweating to help lower elevated body temp

Axial

Head,neck, and trunk

Appendicular

Limbs

Three components of homeostatic control systems

Effector, receptor (senses the change), and the control center

Mitochondria

creates ATP, contains RNA & DNA, membraneous

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis, 2 types: free & membrane bound, nonmembraneous

ER

2 types: rough & smooth, membraneous

Rough- synthesize integral proteins & phospholipids for plasma membrane

Smooth- lipid metabolism, detoxifies drugs, synthesizes fats, produces steroid hormones

Golgi Apparatus

modifies & packages proteins & lipids, membraneous

ER provides vesicles of proteins/lipids→CIS face→ trans face

Lysosomes

Suicide sacs, contain digestive enzymes to ingest bacteria, viruses, membraneous

Peroxisomes

Detoxifies harmful substances, neutralizes free radicals (electrons not paired), membraneous

Nuclear Envelope

Large molecule transport w/ double membrane barrier

Nucleolus

Involved w/rRNA synthesis & ribosome assembly

Chromatin

Condense into chromosomes during mitosis

Epithelial Tissue

forms boundaries between different environments, protecting, secreting, absorbing, and filtering on the epidermis and lining of the GI tract

List the two main types of epithelium

Covering/lining and glandular

Apical surface

microvili, cilia

Basal surface

bottom surface of a tissue (Reticular + Basal lamina = basement membrane)

Avascular

no blood vessels

Innervated

supplies a body part with nerves

Rate of Regeneration

The time it takes for cells to complete mitosis, high allows quick healing; con is that it can become cancerous

Squamous Epithelium Tissue (thin & flat)

skin, lungs, mouth; simple- filtration & diffusion, stratified-protection

Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue (cube-shaped)

kidney, glands, ovaries; simple- secrete, absorb

Columnar Epithelium Tissue (column-shaped)

upper respiratory, GI tract; simple- secrete, absorb, cilia move mucous

Transitional Epithelium Tissue

distends, cuboidal to columnar shapes

Gland

epithelial tissues specialized to synthesize and secrete a product

Exocrine Gland

hollow organ or duct; action is local (sweat, salivary, mucous, oil), unicellular or multicellular

Endocrine Gland

within the blood stream, travels a great distance to target (pituitary glands, ovary, testes)

Unicellular (single cells)

Mucous-secreting cells are called goblet cells, only unicellular gland in the body, in large and small intestines

Multicellular

Secretory sheets lining the abdomen and chest (abs)

Serous (serosae)

membranes in pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

Parietal Serosae

line internal body walls

Visceral

cover internal body organs

Connective Tissue

Binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation of extracellular matrix and cells

Extracellular Matrix Ground Substance

The medium (stuff between 2 cells) where solutes dissolve between blood capillaries & cells, contains interstitial fluid and proteins; has ground substance: either hard & calcified (bones) or liquid (blood/plasma)

Extracellular Matrix of Fibers (3 types)

1. Collagen (white fibers)- strongest & most abundant fibers

2. Elastic- networks of long, thin, elastin fibers

3. Reticular- short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (scary Halloween trees)

Blasts

Mitotically active and secretory cells

Cytes

Mature cells