chapter 9 (module 8)- rad bio

_____ are the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society, including statues (laws) and regulations

health policy

what are the three types of health physicists?

therapy, health and diagnostic medical physicists

what is health physics concerned with?

providing occupational radiation protection and minimizing radiation dose to the public

the function of ICRP is to evaluate information on _____ of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendation on occupational and public dose limits

biologic effects

the function of ___ is to review regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in U.S. radiation protection criteria

NCRP

____ evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions; provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

UNSCEAR

NAS/NRC-BEIR _____ of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations like the ICRP for evaluations

reviews studies

What does NCRP stand for?

national council on radiation protection and measurements

is the NCRP an enforcement agency?

no

what does the NCRP do?

recommends radiation protection standards.

following these recommendations, ___ on radiation exposure are stablished by an act of congress in the U.S

limits

what does the NCRP report no. 116 state?

for continuous exposure, it is recommended that the limit for annual effective dose is 1mSv and 5mSv for infrequent exposure.

the ___ is an enforcement agency that regulates vis licensing to protect the health and safety of radiation workers and the public.

NRC

The NRC also oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes its rules and regulations in Title 10 of the U.S code of Federal Regulations, enters into written agreements with state governments permitting the state to ____ and ____ the use of radioisotopes and certain other material within that state

license and regulate

agreement states enforce ______ through their respective health departments

radiation protection regulations

the EPA facilitates the development regulations regarding the control of radiation in the _____

environment

if a state has not entered into an agreement with the NRC (______) then the state and the NRC will inspect and enforce radiation protection guidelines on any facility and works with ionizing radiation

non-agreement state

what does NRC stand for?

Unites States Nuclear Regulatory Commission

what does EPA stand for?

Unites Staes Environmental Protection Agency

what does the FDA stand for?

Food and Drug Administration

What does the FDA stand for?

conducts an ongoing product radiation control program that regulates the design and manufacture of electronic products including x-ray equipment

all incidents must be reported to the ___ according to the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (death, injury or illness)

FDA

the FDA also has initiatives for

safety in CR and DR

What does the CDRH stand for?

center for devices and radiological health

what is the CDRH apart of?

the FDA

what does the CDRH do?

evaluates population exposure to x-rays as well was other modalities. it regulates the performance of x-ray equipment

what act was designed to protect the public from hazards of radiation exposure from products including diagnostic x-ray equipment by establishing standards for manufacture and maintenance for x-ray equipment?

radiation control for health and safety act of 1968

who established the radiation control for health and safety act of 1968?

CDRH under FDA

what act requires establishment of minimum standards for the accreditation of educational programs for people who administer radiologic procedures?

consumer-patient radiation health and safety act of 1981

consumer-patient radiation health and safety act of 1981 requires and ensures:

• ____ of rad techs

• that medical and dental procedures and consistent with rigorous safety precautions and standards

• gave responsibility to the ____

• includes radiography, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, dental hygiene, dental assistants

requires certifications, responsibility to the state

NRC mandates a _____ be establishes to assist in the development of a radiation safety program

radiation safety committee (RSC)

who overseas radiation safety committee (RSC)?

the RSO (radiation safety officer)

who is the RSO approved by?

NRC and the state

the RSO does the following:

• oversees the __ daily operation and provides a __ review

• ensures the facility follows guidelines for radiation protection

• develops appropriate radiation safety programs to make sure everyone is protected

• maintains dosimeters for all personnel and provides counseling to those whose badge are in ____ of acceptable limits

oversees the RSC, provides yearly review. provides counseling to those who badge excess acceptable limits.

the Code of Standards for diagnostic x-ray equipment -1974

• applies to x-ray systems manufactured after ___

• positive beam limitation- limits beam size to the size of the ___ automatically.

• minimal permanent ____ to eliminate low energy x-rays

• beam reproducibility

• requires a “____” visual indicators when exposure finishes

• manual back up timers for ___ exposures

1974, receptor, filtration, beam-on, AEC

ALARA was established in ___ by the NCRP. It is a principle for radiation personnel that radiation exposures should remain as ____

1954; as low as reasonably achievable

ALARA is related to ____ for patients- using the smallest dose to produce the highest quality image

dose optimization

who shares responsibility to keep occupational and non-occupatoinal dose as low as possible?

techs and radiologists

ALARA presents an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between ___ and ____

ionizing radiation and potential risk.

ALARA graph is assumed to be:

linear non-threshold

When it comes to safety risk of injury should be ____ rather than underestimated

overestimated

who states this as guidance for radiation protection?

“to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation induced conditions (acute and chronic deterministic effects) in exposed persons and to reduce stochastic effects in exposed persons to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the individual and to society from the activities that generate such exposures.”

NCRP

What are the two main categories radiation protection is concerned with?

non-stochastic (deterministic) and stochastic (probabilistic) effects

What are deterministic (non-stochastic) effects?

biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received

Deterministic effects exhibit a ____ below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases

threshold dose

which effect generally occurs after large doses? not generally found in diagnostic x-ray, but sometimes found in high dose fluoro studies

non- stochastic (deterministic)

in deterministic effects, the FREQUENCY of occurrence is __ proportional to the dose and has a _

NOT; threshold

deterministic effects generally have a _____ relationship

non-linear threshold dose-response relationship

stochastic effects are ___, which means that the chance of occurrence increases with dose increase, not the severity of the occurrence

probabilistic

stochastic effects are:

mutational, non-threshold, randomly occurring. (ex. cancer and genetic alterations)

linear non-threshold relationship exists between ___ and __ response

radiation dose and biologic response

the chance of biologic damage and the amount of damage sustained are _____ proportional to the amount of radiation absorbed

directly

___ radiation dose produces a response, and ionizing radiation can be ___ and ___

ALL; can be beneficial and destructive

what is the effective dose limiting system?

a set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation

EfD limiting system has been incorporated into ____ OF THE ___

TITLE 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

the effective dose limiting system is based on the concept of:

radiation exposure and the associated risk of radiation induced malignancy. radiation protection standards are based on risk

how do you become more conscious of good radiation safety practices?

keep informed, become familiar with the functions of the various advisory groups and regulatory agencies with ionizing radiation

what is the current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public

effective dose limiting system

effective dose limiting system concerns the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage

effective dose (EI) limiting system assess ____ and ____ of biologic effects for radiation workers and the general public

radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic effects

NCRP recommends that radiation safety programs be designed to prevent radiation workers from acquiring a lifetime EfD in access of their age in years times __ mSv

10 mSv

what is the annual occupational dose limit?

50 mSV

CumEfd is what?

lifetime dose (10 mSv x the workers age)

for non-occupationally exposed persons, what is the EfD for infrequent exposure?

5 mSv

for non-occupationally exposed persons, what is the EfD for frequent exposure?

1 mSv

for pregnant radiation workers, monthly EqD should not exceed __ mSv and term EqD after pregnancy is announced not to exceed __ mSv

0.5 mSv; 5 mSv

what is the exposure limit to radiography students and people under 18 years old?

EfD 1 mSv annually

general public DLs are __ of the occupational exposure DLs

1/10

lens of eye occupational dose limit

150 mSv/yr

thyroid, skin, hands, feet dose limit

500 mSv/yr

lens of eye non-occupational dose limit

15 mSv/yr

thyroid, skin, hands, feet non-occupational dose limit

50 mSv/yr

action limits are limits set by a medical facility, usually less than federal regulations. most dosimeter readings are less than __ the maximum EfD limits

1/10

some unusual dose readings could come from:

dosimeter left in x-ray room, heat, dryer, work habits

radiation hormeis sis the theory that small amounts of radiation exposure may be ___. this kills some harmful cells while allowing healthy cells to thrive

beneficial