Practical Research Exam Finals

Research

is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a phenomenon, predicts an outcome, and presents questions for further studies

-Systematic Inquiry

Inquiry

A learning process that requires you to investigate something that let you obtain knowledge or information

Active learning process and problem solving technique

Inductive

analyzing phenomenon and ends with identifying its underlying principles

Specific -> general

Deductive

specifying hypothesis and continues with verifying these through evidence

General -> specific

Effective Research Characteristics

• Accurate

• Objectiveness

• Timeliness

• Relevance

• Clarity

• Systematic 

Respondents

social issues, humans

Subjects

 science, non-humans

Research Ethics

Moral principles or code of conduct that define good and acceptable research practices

Qualitative Research

High value in people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal life

Subjectivity

Explaining cause-effect relationship

Case Study

In depth, multi-faceted understanding of complex issues

Other forms: intrinsic, instrumental, multiple

Rare issues, isolated case

Ethnography

Particular cultural group

Understanding of organizational setup, internal operation, and lifestyle

Phenomenology

Various reactions to perceptions of a particular phenomenon

Historical

Narrative (Biography, Autobiography, etc.)

Grounded Theory

To conceptualize

Sampling

Selecting your respondents/Participants/Subjects

Population

Name of your target group

Target Group

List of the group

Sample Size

Solvins Formula

Sampling Frame

list of members where you get the sample

Probability Sampling

Involves all member listed in the sample frame representing a certain population focused on by your study.

Sampling Error

selection doesn’t take place as planned

Random Sampling

best type, same opportunity, only rule: do not expose name

Every member has the same opportunity to be the sample

Systematic Sampling

chance and system, choose interval

Stratified Sampling

all stratas/groups (groups that can face division) should be equally divided

The group compromising the sample chosen is liable to subdivision during data analysis

Cluster

selection by equally divided groups

Isolate a set of persons instead of individual members

Non Probability Sampling

Disregards random selection

Subjects chosen based on their ability/the study’s purpose

Quota Sampling

Respondents chosen based on target characteristics

Selection must have a cited source (RRL)

Voluntary Sampling

subjects participating are only those who want to participate

Judgmental Sampling

selection based on researcher’s sole discretion

Availability Sampling

Conveniently available

Willingness of a person to interact with you counts a lot

Snowball Sampling

Dealing with varied groups of people

Free to obtain data from any group of people

Look for other respondents

Research Topic

An area of interest you will explore in your study

Research Title

Is reflective of a topic that you deal with in your research

Research Problems

a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question.

Research Questions

refer to aim at investigating specific aspects of the research problem

Ability

capacity, academic, preparedness

Interest

passion to do the research

Manageability

control, you need to have enough information based on theories

Resources

financial resources and material

Time

limited time, balance resources and time

Contribution

does this study help to improve a current system, program, or practice

Literature

An oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.

Review of Related Literature

A literature review is an academic text that provides an overview or the landscape of a specific topic. It involves the several scholarly works to identify WHAT IS KNOWN and NOT KNOWN about a certain topic.

Traditional Approach

Summarizing present forms of knowledge on a specific subject aiming to expand of new understanding of an existing work.

Systematic Approach

Involving sequential acts of a review of related literature.

Obtaining data from written works, limiting itself from peer reviewed journals.

Systematic Review of Literature

Clear understanding of (RQ)​

Planning your manner of obtaining data​

Do the literature search

Using a certain standard​

Determine methodological soundness​

Summarize

Traditional Review

Summary resembles of an essay​

Based on your subject area of specialization

Systematic Structure

Based on your research questions

General References

Location of other sources

Primary Sources

Person's own experiences

Secondary Source

Knowledge from internet, books, peer reviewed articles in journals, published literary reviews, grey literature or unpublished and non-peer revied materials.

Two Methods of Accessing Data

Manually and Electronically

Dump or Stringing Method

Description, transfer , or listing of writer's ideas that is devoid or not reflective of your thinking

Three terms to express your appreciation

Acknowledgement

Citations

References

Styles of Citation

Integral and Non Integral Citation

Integral

Citation where the authors name is part of the sentence that you are including in your own writing

Non Integral

Authors name appear in brackets outside of the sentence and does not have any grammatical function

Five Patterns of Citation

Paraphrase

Summary 

Short Direct Quotation

Long Direct Quotation

Tense of Verbs for Reporting

Plagiarism

An act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words.

Observation

It is a technique of gathering data where by you personally watch interact or communicate with the subjects of your research.​

Participant Observation

Where a researcher immerses themselves in a group or community to observe and participate in their daily activities

Non Participant Observation

A research method where a researcher observes a subject or group from a distance without taking part in their activities

Covert Observation

A research method where individuals are studied without their knowledge

Overt Observation

A research method where participants are aware they are being observed and the researcher is open about their identity and the purpose of the study

Interview

A data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or respondents questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for.​

Structured Interview

Uses a standardized set of questions asked in a consistent order to every candidate, ensuring fairness and objectivity

Unstructured Interview

A conversational and flexible interview with no set of predetermined questions, relying instead on open-ended questions that are formed as the interview progresses.

Semi Structured Interview

A conversational research method that uses a guide of predetermined, open-ended questions to explore a topic, but the interviewer can deviate to ask follow-up questions and probe deeper based on the interviewee's responses

Individual Interview

Involves a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and a participant to gather in-depth, qualitative information about their knowledge, experiences, beliefs, and feelings

Group Interview

Where a moderator leads a discussion with a small group of participants to gather insights on a specific topic.

Mediated Interview

A communication that is conducted through an intermediary, technology, or a specific task

Questionnaire

List of questions including the specific place and space in the paper where you write the answers to the questions.​

Postal Questionnaire

Self-administered, paper-based, standardised surveys in which the questionnaires are sent by post. (Self-administered means that the respondents fill out the questionnaire themselves.)

Self Administered Questionnaire

A survey that respondents complete on their own without an interviewer present