Practical Research ( Midterm 1 )

Research

is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a phenomenon, predicts an outcome, and presents questions for further studies

-Systematic Inquiry

Inquiry

A learning process that requires you to investigate something that let you obtain knowledge or information

Active learning process and problem solving technique

Inductive

analyzing phenomenon and ends with identifying its underlying principles

Specific -> general

Deductive

specifying hypothesis and continues with verifying these through evidence

General -> specific

Effective Research Characteristics

• Accurate

• Objectiveness

• Timeliness

• Relevance

• Clarity

• Systematic 

Respondents

social issues, humans

Subjects

 science, non-humans

Research Ethics

Moral principles or code of conduct that define good and acceptable research practices

Qualitative Research

High value in people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal life

Subjectivity

Explaining cause-effect relationship

Case Study

In depth, multi-faceted understanding of complex issues

Other forms: intrinsic, instrumental, multiple

Rare issues, isolated case

Ethnography

Particular cultural group

Understanding of organizational setup, internal operation, and lifestyle

Phenomenology

Various reactions to perceptions of a particular phenomenon

Historical

Narrative (Biography, Autobiography, etc.)

Grounded Theory

To conceptualize

Sampling

Selecting your respondents/Participants/Subjects

Population

Name of your target group

Target Group

List of the group

Sample Size

Solvins Formula

Sampling Frame

list of members where you get the sample

Probability Sampling

Involves all member listed in the sample frame representing a certain population focused on by your study.

Sampling Error

selection doesn’t take place as planned

Random Sampling

best type, same opportunity, only rule: do not expose name

Every member has the same opportunity to be the sample

Systematic Sampling

chance and system, choose interval

Stratified Sampling

all stratas/groups (groups that can face division) should be equally divided

The group compromising the sample chosen is liable to subdivision during data analysis

Cluster

selection by equally divided groups

Isolate a set of persons instead of individual members

Non Probability Sampling

Disregards random selection

Subjects chosen based on their ability/the study’s purpose

Quota Sampling

Respondents chosen based on target characteristics

Selection must have a cited source (RRL)

Voluntary Sampling

subjects participating are only those who want to participate

Judgmental Sampling

selection based on researcher’s sole discretion

Availability Sampling

Conveniently available

Willingness of a person to interact with you counts a lot

Snowball Sampling

Dealing with varied groups of people

Free to obtain data from any group of people

Look for other respondents

Research Topic

An area of interest you will explore in your study

Research Title

Is reflective of a topic that you deal with in your research

Research Problems

a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question.

Research Questions

refer to aim at investigating specific aspects of the research problem

Ability -

capacity, academic, preparedness

Interest

passion to do the research

Manageability

control, you need to have enough information based on theories

Resources

financial resources and material

Time

limited time, balance resources and time

Contribution

does this study help to improve a current system, program, or practice