chapter 9- vocab

Cell Size

smaller cells are more efficient than large ones

Surface Area

the area covered by the plasma membrane

Volume

how much space is inside the cell

Surface area to volume ratio

a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.

Cell Division

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

Cell Cycle

series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

Daughter Cells

The cells that are produced as a result of mitosis. These cells are identical to each other, and also to the original parent cell.

Parent Cell

original cell before cell division

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides. happens in somatic cells

Somatic Cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Meiosis

the special type of cell division that results in cells with half the normal number of chromosomes and makes reproductive cells

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Gap 1 Phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

DNA Synthesis Phase

The genetic information is copied

Gap 2 Phase

stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Chromosomes

bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body

Chromatin

unraveled DNA

Chromatid

Each half of the chromosome

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Cleavage Furrow

draws the plasma membrane toward the cell center, pinching the cytoplasm into two lobes

Cell Plate

In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually.

Mitosis 1

Cell division when nucleus divides into two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes ending in 2 identical cells 1

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes

Prophase

Mitosis begins; centrioles that contain spindle fibers appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell.
The DNA condenses and becomes more visible. The Nucleus begins to disappear

Metaphase

Spindle Fibers attach to chromosomes from the centromere and line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromatids separate, begin to move to opposite ends, pulled by the spindle fibers

Telophase

Cell membrane pinches inward to create two daughter cells - each with own nucleus with identical genetic information

spindle Fibers

String like structures that connect to centromeres and pull apart chromosomes : Spider Man Webs"

Centrioles

organelle found only in animal cells and is responsible for producing the spindle fibers that help slip apart the chromatids during cell division

Chromosomes 1

During prophase and metaphase, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled 1

Sister Chromatids

move away from each other

Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear envelope forms at each pole

Cell Regulation

regulate timing of cell cycle in eukaryotic cells • Movement of cell through checkpoints in cell cycle

Cyclin

one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

cyclin-dependent kinases

enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages

G1 checkpoint

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

G2 Checkpoint

The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC)

A checkpoint that operates at the transition between metaphase and anaphase; the spindle checkpoint is best revealed when a chromosome fails to become aligned properly at the metaphase plate.

Cancer

A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

Carcinogen

substance that causes cancer

Apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms

stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Embryonic stem cells

An undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types

Adult Stem cells

from a small subpopulation of specialized stem cells present within some adult organs and capable of self renewal and limited capacity to differentiate.