Russia and its Rulers Essay Plans

Nature of Government factors

Ideology
Structure
Repression

Nature of Government AII Ideology

Autocracy. No political parties permitted.

Nature of Government AII Structure

Zemstva 1861. No Duma. (Council of Ministers 1861).

Nature of Government AII Repression

Trial of the 50 in 1877. (Third section replaced by softer okhrana).

Nature of Government AIII Ideology

Autocracy. The Reaction, Pobedonostsev.

Nature of Government AIII Structure

Kept Zemstva, abandoned Council of Ministers.

Nature of Government AIII Repression

Okhrana. Lenin's brother executed 1887. (Land Captains 1889.)

Nature of Government NII Ideology

Autocracy. Fundamental Laws 1906.

Nature of Government NII Structure

Duma 1905. Fundamental laws 1906, electoral college system.

Nature of Government NII Repression

Bloody Sunday 1905.

Nature of Government PG Ideology

Pseudo-democracy. Elections promised after WW1.

Nature of Government PG Structure

Duma system. Dual-powerlessness with the Petrograd Soviet.

Nature of Government PG Repression

Abolished Okhrana.

Nature of Government Lenin Ideology

Marxism. Dictatorship of the proletariat.

Nature of Government Lenin Structure

Sovnarkom. One party state.

Nature of Government Lenin Repression

Cheka 1917. Dzerzhinsky, targets class enemies.

Nature of Government Stalin Ideology

Marxism, Democratic Centralism. 1936 constitution.

Nature of Government Stalin Structure

Supreme Soviet. Split into Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities.

Nature of Government Stalin Repression

NKVD under Beria. 40 million sent to Gulags.

Nature of Government Khrushchev Ideology

Marxism. De-Stalinisation, Secret Speech 1956.

Nature of Government Khrushchev Structure

Same as Stalin.

Nature of Government Khrushchev Repression

NKVD split into MVD and KGB. By 1960, only 11,000 political prisoners.

Repression Factors

Secret Police
Army
Censorship and Propaganda

Repression AII Secret Police

Third Section replaced by Okhrana 1880. Assassinated 1881.

Repression AII Army

Russification of Poland from 1863 - NATIONALITIES EXAMPLE DON'T USE

Repression AII Censorship and Propaganda

Glasnost (relaxation). Das Kapital published 1874.

Repression AIII Secret Police

Statute of State Security 1881 - unlimited powers to Okhrana. 10,000 arrested on succession, Lenin's brother executed 1887.

Repression AIII Army

Used in 'lightning strike' pogroms against jews - NATIONALITIES EXAMPLE DON'T USE

Repression AIII Censorship and Propaganda

Number of church schools increased sevenfold. Used to spread propaganda. Reverted glasnost.

Repression NII Secret Police

Prominence as political opposition emerged. 4 out of 5 Bolsheviks in their 1908-09 St Petersburg committee were Okhrana agents.

Repression NII Army

Bloody Sunday 1905. 1000 casualties. (Used against strikes).

Repression NII Censorship and Propaganda.

Glasnost. The paper Kopek reached 25,000 readers.

Repression PG Secret Police

Disbanded Okhrana. (Counter Espionage Bureau focused on wartime security).

Repression PG Army

Little loyalty to the PG amongst the army. 150,000 of the Petrograd Garrison support the revolution.

Repression PG Censorship and Propaganda

Frontline troops received news of the fall of the Romanovs from foreign broadcasts.

Repression Lenin Secret Police

Cheka 1917. Dzerzhinsky, targets class enemies. (Enforced grain requisitioning).

Repression Lenin Army

Red Guard seizes power from PG. Civil War - 5 million troops to 500,000 Whites.

Repression Lenin Censorship and Propaganda

Agitprop 1921. "Peace, Land and Bread", "All power to the Soviets".

Repression Stalin Secret Police

NKVD. 40 million sent to Gulags.

Repression Stalin Army

Enforced Great Terror - 700,000 deaths. 40% of top personnel purged including Marshall Tukhachevsky.

Repression Stalin Censorship and Propaganda

Socialist Realism. All writers forced to join Union of Soviet Writers, work had to be approved.

Repression Khrushchev Secret Police

MVD and KGB replace NKVD. By 1960, only 11,000 political prisoners.

Repression Khrushchev Army

Novocherkassk 1962 - 26 dead. (Army size reduced from 3.6m to 2.4m due to détente).

Repression Khrushchev Censorship and Propaganda

Censorship eased. By the late 50s, over 65,000 books published per year.

Economy and Society Factors

Agriculture
Industry
Social (Education)
Working Conditions (If required)

Economy and Society AII Agriculture

Emancipation 1861. Peasants still owed barshchina.

Economy and Society AII Industry

Railway construction increases sevenfold to 14,000 miles opened 1878.

Economy and Society AII Education

Under control of Zemstva - still run by upper class/church. Primary school attendance 23,000 by 1881.

Economy and Society AII Conditions

No factory inspectorates until 1882.

Economy and Society AIII Agriculture

Peasant Land Bank 1883 - 17,444 acres acquired in Kursk. Vyshnegradskii's grain exports lead to famine in 1891 - 350,000 dead.

Economy and Society AIII Industry

Vyshnegradskii introduces Mendele'ev Tariff. Balances the budget, leads to increases foreign investment in industry. 3000 miles of railway opened 1883-91.

Economy and Society AIII Education

Church put in charge of primary education. Literacy only 21% by 1897.

Economy and Society AIII Conditions

Employment of children under 12 banned. Inspectorate introduced 1882 had little legal power and reforms not enforced.

Economy and Society NII Agriculture

Wager on the Strong. By 1914, 24% of peasants had taken advantage to start their own independent farm.

Economy and Society NII Industry

Income from industry increased from 42m roubles 1893 to 161m in 1897. Due to foreign loans/experts.

Economy and Society NII Education

Duma planned for 'universal primary education' - 51% attendance by 1914: 81,000 people.

Economy and Society NII Conditions

Workers' Insurance System 1903 insured workers from injuries at work.

Economy and Society PG Agriculture

Promised land reform after WW1. Peasants seized land by force during the July Days.

Economy and Society PG Industry

X

Economy and Society PG Education

X

Economy and Society PG Conditions

X

Economy and Society Lenin Agriculture

Decree On Land 1917. War Communism, grain requisitioning. NEP, privatisation. 5 million die from famine in the Volga.

Economy and Society Lenin Industry

Nationalisation. 1920 - rouble worth 1% of 1913 value. 1921 - NEP, 'Nepmen' handled 60% of trade by 1923.

Economy and Society Lenin Education

Complete centralisation. Focused on vocational institutions.

Economy and Society Lenin Conditions

Rabkirin 1920. Ineffective at enforcing laws on conditions.

Economy and Society Stalin Agriculture

Collectivisation, de-kulakisation. 1.8m kulaks deported 1930-31.

Economy and Society Stalin Industry

Five year plans, nationalisation. Run by Gosplan. Coal output increased from 35.5m tons in 1928 to 510m tons in 1960. (65,000 miles of railway track damages during WW2, coal production fell by 16m tons).

Economy and Society Stalin Education

Primary attendance made compulsory, 18m attendance by 1930. (Revolved around basic literacy and numeracy).

Economy and Society Stalin Conditions

Real terms wages fell by 50% under the first FYP - DO NOT USE

Economy and Society Khrushchev Agriculture

Virgin Lands Scheme 1954. Failed due to unfavourable climate conditions.

Economy and Society Khrushchev Industry

Five year plans. Shift to modern industries such as plastics. Focus on consumer goods. (Sixth and Seventh FYPs).

Economy and Society Khrushchev Education

Changed secondary schools to modern polytechnic models.

Economy and Society Khrushchev Conditions

X

Peasant Lives Factors

Housing
Working Conditions
Food and Famine

Peasant Lives AII Housing

Izba huts, heated by oven, built of manure.

Peasant Lives AII Working Conditions

Emancipation 1861 freed 50m. Still burdened by barshchina.

Peasant Lives AII Food

Zemstva placed in charge of emergency food measures 1864.

Peasant Lives AIII Housing

Izba huts, built of manure and heated by an oven.

Peasant Lives AIII Working Conditions

Land Captains 1889. Repressive. (Peasant Land Bank 1883. 17,444 acres acquired in Kursk).

Peasant Lives AIII Food

Vyshnegradskii's export policy creates famine that kills 350,000.

Peasant Lives NII Housing

Essentially continuation of the Izba. (Wager On the Strong. 24% start independent farms. Valid here?).

Peasant Lives NII Working Conditions

Stolypin gets rid of barshchina 1907.

Peasant Lives NII Food

Price of food quadrupled by 1916.

Peasant Lives PG Housing

X

Peasant Lives PG Working Conditions

Lack of land reform. Peasants seized land in May. Led to Oct.

Peasant Lives PG Food

X

Peasant Lives Lenin Housing

X

Peasant Lives Lenin Working Conditions

Rabkirin 1920. Ineffective.

Peasant Lives Lenin Food

Grain requisitioning. 1921 famine kills 5 million.

Peasant Lives Stalin Housing

Housing stock doubles under Stalin. 840,000 houses built in rural areas 1944.

Peasant Lives Stalin Working Conditions

Machine Tractor Stations 1928. Access to technology.

Peasant Lives Stalin Food

De-kulakisation/Collectivisation. Consumption of meat and fish fell by 80% by the late 30s.

Peasant Lives Khrushchev Housing

Agro-towns. Overcrowded, communal and unsanitary. Later peasants were given individual housing.

Peasant Lives Khrushchev Working Conditions

Virgin Land Campaign 1954. Harsh climactic conditions, forced relocation.

Peasant Lives Khrushchev Food

Increasing food prices led to Novocherkassk 1962. (Might be urban not rural example).

Living and Working Conditions (Urban) Factors

Housing
Hours
Conditions

Living and Working Conditions (Urban) AII Housing

X

Living and Working Conditions (Urban) AII Hours

No restrictions on hours. Workers not obliged to work on Sundays.

Living and Working Conditions (Urban) AII Conditions

No factory inspectorates until 1882.

Living and Working Conditions (Urban) AIII Housing

Rapid industrialisation - population grew rapidly (120m 1897). Poor quality housing led to health problems.