Anaphy

nasopharynx

superior region behind nasal cavity

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Gross Anatomy

Study of large structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye and can only be seen with a microscope

chemical level of organization

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level of organization

cells are made up of molecules

tissue level of organization

groups of similar cells

organ level of organization

Organs are made up of different types of tissues

organ system level of organization

organs working closely together for a common purpose

organismal level of organization

all parts of the human body functioning together create an organism functioning on the organismal level

integumentary system

-Forms the external body covering.

-Potects deeper tissues from injury.

-Helps regulate body temperature.

-Location of cutaneous nerve receptors.

skeletal system

-Protects and supports body organs.

-Provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.

-Made up of bones and joints

-Site of blood cell formation

-Stores minerals

Muscular System

-Produces movemnt

-Maintains posture

-Produces heat

nervous system

-Fast-acting control system

-Responds to internal and external change

-Activates muscles and glands

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

lymphatic system

-Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs.

-Provides defense against infection (immunity)

-Returns fluid to blood vessels

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

digestive system

-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

-Eliminates indigestible materials as feces

urinary system

-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

-Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

reproductive system

-Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

Movement

Necessary life function that involves locomotion.

Responsiveness

Necessary life function that involves the ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Necessary life function that involves breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Metabolism

Necessary life function that involves the chemical reactions within the body.

Excretion

Necessary life function that involves the elimination of wastes from metabolic reactions. These wastes may be removed in the form of urine or feces.

Reproduction

Necessary life function that involves the cellular level or organismal level. It produces future generations.

Growth

Necessary life function that involves the increase of cell size and number of cells.

Nutrients

Survival need that involves the chemicals for energy and cell building.

Oxygen

Survival need that is required for chemical reactions.

Water

Survival need that provides for metabolic reaction. It is the most abundant chemical in the human body

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Negative feedback

Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by __

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

Receptor

detects change and responds to changes

control center

determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate response

afferent pathway

input:information is sent along in this pathway

Effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

provides a means for response to the stimulus

efferent pathway

output:information is sent along this pathway

response

An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.

negative feedback

shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

works like a household thermostat

positive feedback

increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

blood clotting and birth of a baby

examples of positive feedback

Anatomical position

standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Ventral

front, anterior

Dorsal

back, posterior

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

cranial cavity

houses the brain

spinal cavity

houses the spinal cord

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

houses the heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

(C)arbon, (H)ydrogen, (N)itrogen, (O)xygen

Most cells are composed of four elements. What are they?

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

three major parts of a cell

nucleoplasm and cytosol

Makes up the intracellular fluid

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

nuclear envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Nucleoli

Sites where ribosomes are assembled

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Glycoproteins

Molecules that make the cell surface fuzzy, sticky and sugar-rich

Phospolipids and cholesterol

2 important lipids which together constitute only 2% of the total cell mass.

tight junctions

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

gap junctions

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Cytoplasm

site of most cellular activities

Cytosol

fluid that suspends other elements

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Inclusion

chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

Lysosomes

Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Break down free radicals

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microfilaments

form the blue network surrounding the pink nucleus

intermediate filaments

form the purple bat-like network

Microtubules

appear as gold networks surrounding the cells' pink nuclei

Centrioles

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Cilia

Move materials across the cell surface (located in the respiratory system to move mucus)

Flagella

Propel the cell

The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm