Perception Exam 3

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Apparent motion

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115 Terms

1

Apparent motion

The illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession.

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2

Correspondence problem (motion)

The probelm faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to which feature in frame 1.

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3

Aperture problem

The fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of an object may be ambiguous.

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4

Motion aftereffect

The illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object

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5

Interocular transfer

The transfer of an effect (such as adaption) from one eye to another.

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6

Optic array

The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer. term coined by J.J Gibson.

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7

Optic flow

The changing angular position of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world

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8

Focus of expansion

The point in the center of the horizon from which, when we are in motion, all points in the perspective image seem to emanate.

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9

Biological motion

is a special type of structure from motion that allows us to dsistinguish between animate and inanimate objects.

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10

Tau

Information in the optic flow that could signal TTC without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates.

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11

Smooth pursuit

Voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object

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12

Saccade

A type of eye movement, made both voluntarily and involuntarily, in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another.

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13

Vergence

A type of eye movement, both voluntary and involuntary, in which the two eyes move in opposite directions

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14

Convergent eye movement

turns the eye inward

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15

Divergent eye movement

Turn the eyes outward

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16

Reflexive

Automatic and involuntary eye movement

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17

Superior colliculus

A structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guding eye movements.

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18

Saccadic suppression

The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements.

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19

Comparator

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move (the other copy goes to the eye muscles).

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20

Akinetopsia

A rare neurophysiological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

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21

Sounds

are created when objects vibrate.

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22

Amplitude or Intensity

The magnitude of displacement (increase or decrease0 of a sounf pressure wave.

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23

Frequency

for sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats

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24

hertz (Hz)

A unit of measure for frequency. One Hz equals one cycle per second.

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25

Decibel (dB)

A unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound

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26

Loudness

The psychological aspects of sound related to perceived intensity or amplitude.

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27

Pitch

The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to the fundamental frequency

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28

Since wave

The waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function

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29

Harmonic spectrum

The spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency

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30

Fundamental frequency

The lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound

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31

Timbre

The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar.

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32

Pinna

Outer, funnel-like part of the ear

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33

Tympanic membrane

The eardrum. A thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal. Vibrates in response to sound

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34

Middle ear consists of three tiny bones

Ossicles, the amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear.

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35

Ossicles

The smallest bones in the body

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36

Malleus

Receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus

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37

Incus

The middle ossicle

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38

Stapes

Connected to the incus on one end and the oval window of the cochlea on the other.

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39

Oval window

is border between middle and inner ear

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40

tensor tympani and stapedius

Two muscles in the middle ear that decreases ossicle vibration when tensed

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41

Cochlea

Spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of corti

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42

Vestibular canal

Extends from oval window at base of cochlea to helicotreama at the apex. Canal closest to ossicles and through which pressure waves move first

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43

Tympanic canal

Extends from the helicotrema at the apex to the round window at the base of the cochlea

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44

Middle canal

Sandwiched between the vestibular and tympanic canals and contains the cochlear partition

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45

Reissner’s membrane

Thin sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea

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46

Basilar membrane

Plate of fibers that forms the base of the cochlear partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea

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47

Organ of Corti

A structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.

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48

Hair cells

Cells that support the stereocilia, which transduce mechanical movement in the cochlea into neural activity sent to the brain stem. Some hair cells also receive input from the brain.

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49

Tectorial membrane

A gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells.

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50

Stereocilia

Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that intitiate the release of neurotransmitters when they are flexed

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51

Place code

Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition with the greatest mechanial displacement.

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52

Inner hair cells

Convey almost all information about sound waves to the brain (using afferent fibers).

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53

Outer hair cells

Receive information from the brain (using efferent fibers). They are involved in an elaborate feedback system.

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54

The auditory nerve

Responses of individual AN fibers to different frequencies are related to their place along the cochlear partition.

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55

Frequency selectivity

Clearest when sounds are very faint

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56

Threshold tuning curve

A graph plotting thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.

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57

Two-tone suppression

decrease in firing rate of one auditory nerve fiber due to one tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time.

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58

Rate saturation

The point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate.

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59

Isointesnsity curves

A chart measuring an AN fiber’s firing rate to a wide range of frequencies, all presented at the same intensity level.

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60

Rate- intensity function

A map plotting firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities.

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61

Phase locking

Firing of a single neuron at one distinct point in the period (cycle) of a sound wave at a given frequency

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62

Temporal code

Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound.

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63

The volley principle

An idea stating that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period.

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64

Cochlear nucleus

The first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse

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65

Superior olive

An early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge.

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66

Inferior colliculus

A midbrain nucleus in auditory pathway

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67

Medial geniculate nucleus

The part of the thalamus that relays auditory signal to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex

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68

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

The first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic organization

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69

Belt area

A region of cortex, directly adjacent to A1, with inputs from A1, where neruons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds

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70

parabelt area

A region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses.

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71

Tonotopic organization

An arrangement in which neurons that respond to different frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency

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72

Psychoacoustics

The study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics

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73

Audibility threshold

A map of just barely audible tones of varying frequencies.

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74

Equal- loudness curve

A graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness.

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75

Temporal integration

The process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration.

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76

Masking

using a secondary sound, frequently noise, to make the detection of a primary sound more difficult: used to investigate frequency selectivity

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77

White noise

Consists of all audible frequencies in equal amounts; used in masking.

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78

Critical bandwidth

The range of frequencies conveyed within a channel in the auditory system

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79

Conductive hearing loss

Caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear.

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80

Two ears

Critical for determining auditory locations

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81

Interaural time differences

The difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other.

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82

Azimuth

The angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the center of tge head between the ears.

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83

Medial superior olive

A relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of ITDs

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84

Interaural level difference

The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other.

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85

Lateral superior olive

A relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of ILDs

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86

Excitatory connections

to LSO come from ipsilateral ear

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87

Inhibitory connections

to LSO come from contraletral ear

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88

Cone of confusion

A region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs

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89

Directional transfer function

A measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space

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90

Simplest cue

relative intensity of sound

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91

Inverse-sqaure law

Decrease in intesnity is equal to the distance squared

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92

Spectral composition of sounds

Higher frequencies decrease in energy more than lower frequencies do as sound waves travel from source to one ear

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93

Fundamental frequency

Lowest frequency of harmonic spectrum

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94

Missing-fundamental effect

The pitch listeners hear corresponds to the fundamental frequency, even if it is missing

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95

Timbre

Psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental loudness and pitch are dissimilar

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96

Attack

Part of a sound during which amplitude increases (onset)

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97

Decay

Part of a sound during which amplitude decreases (offset).

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98

Source segregation

Processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sound sources into separate sound images

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99

Auditory stream segregation

The perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.

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100

Principle of good continuation

In spite of interruptions, one can still “hear” a sound

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