ib physics sl exam review

protons are _____ charge and electrons are ____ charge

positive; negative

electric field is a (vector/scalar) and the unit is _____

vector; NC⁻¹

when adding/subtracting with sigfigs, match the numbers with the one that has the ______ sigfigs

fewest

when multiplying/dividing with sigfigs, _____ answer to the number with the ______ sigfigs

round; fewest

dimensional analysis: if a unit is raised to a power, you must raise the entire conversion factor

to find analog uncertainties, take ________

± half of the smallest division

to find uncertainties for digital instruments, take ______

± the smallest division

to add/subtract uncertainties, ______ _______ uncertainties

add absolute

to multiply/divide uncertainties, _____ ______ uncertainties

add fractional

to take powers/roots of numbers with uncertainties: if y=a^n, then ∆y/y = ____

|n(∆a/a)|

to find the uncertainty of an average: ∆X = _____ (where X are the values)

(Xmax-Xmin)/2

distance is scalar/vector and displacement is scalar/vector

scalar; vector

_____ is the total random kinetic energy of the particles of a substance, plus the total inter-particle potential energy of the particles

internal energy

terminal velocity is when the force of air/fluid resistance is equal to _____ and the acceleration is _____

mg; 0 (reaches max velocity)

Force is measured in _______. Its unit is ______

Newtons (N); kgms⁻²

to calculate the force of a spring, use Hooke's Law: _______. to calculate the kinetic potential energy of a spring, use: _______

F = -k∆x (k is a constant and ∆x is distance); KE = (1/2)k∆x²

work done by centripetal force is _____

zero

power is the rate of ____ over _____

work/energy; time (P=∆W/∆T)

Newton's First Law is ______; Second Law is _______; Third Law is _____

inertia; F=ma; equal and opposite reaction

the unit for work is _____

Joules (J)

momentum (symbol: ___) is expressed in units of ______

p; Ns (kgms⁻¹)

inelastic collisions are when objects ______[2]. Momentum is/is not conserved and KE is/is not conserved.

stick or explode; is; is not

elastic collisions are when objects ______. Momentum is/is not conserved and KE is/is not conserved.

bounce; is; is

Heat (the TRANSFER of energy between a system and its surroundings) is expressed in the symbol _____ and the unit ______

Q; Joules (J)

the _______ is the total amount of thermal energy needed to raise 1 kg of mass to 1 Kelvin. The symbol for this is ____ and its units are _____.

specific heat capacity; c; Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹

_______ is the amount of energy required to melt a solid or turn liquid into gas; this heat is absorbed or released

specific latent heat

power in terms of thermal energy; all units for power is in ____

Q/t (where Q is heat and t is time); Watts (W)

to find mole, you use the equation: _____. Avogadro's number is the number of ____ in a mole.

N/Na (N is number of particles and Na is Avogadros number); particles (atoms)

molar mass is _____

m/n (m is grams and n is moles)

phase change graph: sloped line means _____. No slope means ______

heat is added but phase does not change (either all solid, water, or gas, no mixtures); bonds are breaking (mixture of solid, liquid, gas -> all energy put into breaking bonds)

X is an element where ²₇X . 2 is the _____[2] of the element, 7 is the _____. 2 is the number of ______ and 7 is the number of ______. Find the mole using _____.

mass number/molar mass (g); atomic number; nucleons (neutrons + protons); protons; given mass/molar mass

the number of moles in a quantity m of grams of a substance with molar mass µ is _______

n = m/µ

pressure is defined as the _____ applied per ______. Therefore, the units of pressure is _____. Another non-SI unit that is commonly used is the atmosphere pressure (atm). Pressure's units are in _____

normal force; unit area (p=F/A); Nm⁻²; Pascal (Pa)

ideal gasses obey the following laws:

1. the molecules are point particles, each with ______ volume.

2. the molecules obey the laws of _____.

3. there are no _____ between the molecules except when the molecules _____.

4. the duration of a collision is _____ compared to the time between collisions.

5. the collisions of the molecules with each other and with the container walls are _____.

6. molecules move _____.

negligible; mechanics; forces; collide; negligible; elastic; randomly

A real gas may be approximated by an ideal gas when the density is _____ and the gas is not at _______.

low; very low temperatures

Give an explanation of pressure in terms of molecules colliding with their container walls:

1. The momentum normal to the wall before the collisions is ______.

2. The momentum after the collision normal to the wall is _______.

3. Therefore, the change in momentum has a magnitude of ____.

4. The fact that the momentum of a molecule has ____ means that a ______ acted on the molecule (from the wall).

5. By Newton's ____ Law, the molecule exerted on the wall an _____[4].

mvcosθ; -mvcosθ; 2mvcosθ; changed; force; Third; equal and opposite force

Boyles law is _____[2]

p≈1/V (inversely proportional) and pV = constant (to show this take three points from a pressure-volume graph and show that their product is the same)

Charles Law (gasses) is ______(give an equation) and Gay-Lussac's law is ____(give an equation)

V/T = constant; p/T = constant

Ek = (3/2)(kb)(T); Ek is ____, kb is _____, and T is _____

average random kinetic energy; Boltzmann constant (R/Na); Kelvin

gases: the total random kinetic energy/internal energy, U, is _____

U = (3/2)pV

the defining property of a simple harmonic motion (SHM) is that the magnitude of the ____ of the body that has been displaced away from equilibrium is _____ to the _____ and the ______ of the acceleration is towards the equilibrium position.

acceleration; proportional; displacement; direction

The main characteristics of SHM are:

1. the ______[2] are constant

2. the period is ______ of the amplitude

3. the ______[3] are sine or cosine functions of time

period and amplitude; independent; displacement, velocity, and acceleration

total energy E in a simple harmonic motion system is _____

0 (PE + KE )

for ______ waves, the direction of oscillation is parallel to the direction of travel. For ____ waves the direction of oscilation is perpendicular to the direction of travel. all _____ waves require a medium in which the wave travels.

longitudinal (sound); transverse (water, light)(remember compression and rarefraction); longitudinal

electromagnetic waves are _____ waves consisting of ______[2] oscillating at _____ angles to each other. All electromagnetic waves move at a velocity of _____ in a vacuum.

transverse; electric and magnetic fields; right; the speed of light

What is c in c=fλ

speed

the energy of a wave is proportional to

amplitude²

energy in using power (p) formula

E = Pt

Reflection of pulses: Imagine there's a rope with a fixed and unfixed end and there is a pulse in the rope. What happens to the displacement and position of the pulse if it is on a a) fixed end b) free end

negative displacement and inverted; negative displacement and not inverted

______ is a plane of vibration of an electromagnetic wave (light) (all would be on the same plane). The plane of polarization. is what plane the ______ field oscillates on.

polarization; magnetic

Malus' Laws (polarization): I = I₀ cos²θ. I₀ is the _______ (include units). I is the _____. θ is the ______.

intensity of the unpolarized (incident) light (Wm⁻²); intensity of transmitted light (Wm⁻²); angle between polarizers

The melting point of water in celsius is _____ and the boiling point is ______.

0; 100

when solving equations with two polarizers, _____ first polarizer (I₀ cos²θ) with second (I₀ cos²θ) but the second angle is relative to the ____ angle.

multiply; first polarizer

when refracted, the ____ of light does not change but _____[2] can change. In Snell's Law, (n1/n2) = (sinθ2/sinθ1) = (v2/v1) = (λ2/λ1), where n is _____. For light, Snell's Law can be rewritten as (n1/n2) = ______ where c is the ______[2]

speed; speed and wavelength; index of refraction; (c2/c1); speed of light in vacuum and in medium

the critical angle is when the refracted angle is _____ degrees. Total internal reflection happens when reflection at any greater angle than the ____ angle in a refraction.

90; critical angle

Electric Fields Equations Pt.1: I = ∆q/∆t where I is _____, q is _____. F = k(q1q2)/r^2 where F is ______. E = F/q where E is ____, F is ____.

current (Ampere or Cs⁻¹); charge (C); force between two charges; electric field strength (NC⁻¹); electric force

Electric Field Equations Pt.2 I = nAvq where I is ______, n is ______, A is ______, v is _______ V = W/q where V is _____

charge that passes through a cross-section; number of electrons/volume; area of cross section; velocity of electrons; potential difference (Volt or JC⁻¹)

when refracted, the ____ of light does not change but _____[2] can change.

frequency; speed and wavelength

an _____ is the work done/energy needed to move a charge equal to one electron charge across a potential difference of one volt. This value is found with the _____ value. True or False it can be energy.

electronvolt (eV); elementary charge (1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ C); true

Circuits: ______ counts charges per second (I=q/t). _____ measures difference in potential (p.d.)

Ammeter; Voltmeter

Potential difference is the same in _____ circuits and the current is the same in ____ circuits.

parallel; series

the ______ is what a battery is trying to give (but the _______ takes some of it). This is measured in ____. In the ε=I(R+r) equation, R stands for _____ and r stands for _____.

potential difference; emf (ε); Volts (V); circuit resistance; internal resistance

F = qvBsinθ measures a ______ where F is ______, q is _____, B is ______, and θ is ______

moving charge in a magnetic field; force (Newtons); charge (Coulombs); magnetic field strength (Tesla); angle between B and v

F = BILsinθ measures a ______ where F is _____, B is ______, I is ______, L is ______ and θ is _____

wire in a magnetic field; force (Newtons); magnetic field strength (Tesla); current in wire (Ampere); length of wire (m); angle between B and I

Right Hand Rule for a WIRE WITH A CURRENT: the thumb is the _____ and the curl of your fingers follow the direction of the _____. For drawing field lines out of the page, draw a _____. For field lines into the page, draw a ____.

current (I or Ampere); magnetic field (B or Tesla); dot; x

Right Hand Rule for a SOLENOID (coil of wire): The thumb is the ______ and the curl of your fingers follow the direction of the _____. Where your thumb is pointing is where North/South is.

magnetic field line (B or Tesla); current (I or Ampere); North

Right Hand Rule/Left Hand Rule for a MOVING CHARGE (or wire/current) IN A MAGNETIC FIELD: Use the LHR when there are ______ charges and RHR for _____[2]. Fingertips point to the _____ and thumbs point to ____ for LHR and _____ for RHR. Palms point to the _____. ____ do not use a hand rule and they move ______.

negative (eLEFTron); positive charges or current; magnetic field strength (B or Tesla); velocity; velocity and current (I or Ampere); force (F or Newtons); neutrons; undeflected

the equation for angular speed w is ______ where the angle is in _____. The equation for comparing linear speed with angular speed is v = wr where v is _____ w is _____ and r is ______

2π/r; radians; linear speed (ms⁻¹); angular speed (rads⁻¹); radius (m)

g = Mm/r^2 where g is the ______[2]

gravitational field strength or the acceleration due to gravity (Nkg⁻¹)

write the equation for v, the velocity you need to go to have orbital an radius around a planet of mass M

v = √(GM/r) (set g and Fc equal to each other)

Kepler's Law

T² is proportional to r³ (substitute v for distance/time in v^2 = GM/r)

isotopes have the same ______ but different _____.

atomic number; mass number;

when electrons get excited, they go up in energy levels (E) and when they go back down they emit a _____ with energy. The equation E = hf shows that E, which is the _______ is equal to h, which is ______ and f, which is _____.

photon (light); energy of photon (eV or J); a constant (planke's constant); frequency of photon (Hz or sec⁻¹)

alpha decay is just a particle that is _______

helium-4 (⁴₂He)

electron-beta decay equation contains an ______[2]. The equation is: _____

electron and anti-electron-neutrino; −₁⁰β + ve (ve with line on top to show the anti)

positron-beta decay contains an ______[2]. The equation is: ______. A positron is the _____ of an electron. They cannot combine because they will disappear into ______.

anti-electron and neutrino; ₊₁⁰β + ve; antimatter; gamma rays (photons)

gamma decay is a ______. The equation is _____

photon; ₀⁰γ

a half life is known as the symbol _____. The activity of a particle is found by the equation _____ with the unit ____.

T½; decay/second; Bq

the binding energy is the energy _____ when a nucleus is assembled. the mass defect is the _____ between the _____[2]

released; difference; LHS and RHS

∆E=∆mc^2 where E is the _______, m is the ______, and c is the ______. One atomic mass unit (u) is equal to _____

binding energy (eV or J); mass defect (kg or u or MeV/c²); speed of light; 931.5MeVC⁻²

______[2] break into smaller particles called quarks. The

neutrons and protons

the binding energy/nucleon graph peaks at the element _____. Reactions, or _____, occurs on the right side and ____ occurs on the left side.

iron (Fe); fusion; fissions

____ are all particles made of quarks. ____ are particles made of 3 quarks. _____ are particles made of ____ quarks (one quark and one anti-quark). _____ are other fundamental properties.

hadron; baryon; meson; Leptons (heavy hadrons light leptons)

Baryons have a Baryon # of ____ and Mesons have a Baryon # of ____

1; 0

mediating particles are called ______. There are four main ones: _____. The ____ is responsible for interactions for mass.

boson; gluon (g), w-boson (w,⁺ w,⁻), z-boson (z⁰), photon (γ); Higgs boson

in a main sequence star, _______.

hydrogen turns into helium (H -> He)

Feynman diagrams: quarks or leptons are ______. Exchange particles (w+, w-, z0, γ) are _____ and gluons are _______

wavy; curly

Sankey diagrams show the ______ with two arrows that show ______[2]. The width of the arrows is equal to the ______[2]. The energy density is equal to the ______.

energy (J); useful energy out and energy loss; power or energy; energy released/mass of fuel used

power = 1/2Apv^3 is the equation for the power of ______. A is the _____, p is the _____ and v is the _____

wind energy; cross sectional area of air (m²); density of air (kgm⁻³); speed of air (ms⁻¹)

I = power/A where I is the ______, power is the ____ and A is the _____

intensity of radiation (Wm⁻²); luminosity of the star (W or Jsec⁻¹); surface area of a sphere (m²)

black bodies are perfect ______ of ______

absorber/emitter; radiation

in Wien's displacement law, λmax=2.90 x10^-3/T, λmax is the _______ and T is the _____.

wavelength that gives peak intensity; effective/surface temperature

in Stefan-Boltzmann Law, P=eσAT⁴, P is _____, e is ______, σ is a constant, A is ____m and T is _____

power (W or Jsec-1); emissivity (=1); surface area of sphere; surface temperature

s = λD/d where s is _____. It is the distance between ________. D is _____, and d is _____.

fringe separation; two bright or dark centers; distance between slits and screen; slit separation

in standing waves, the ______[2] are constant. There are two waves meeting in ______. L is found in terms of _____

frequency and amplitude; superposition; λ