Music History & Literature

Perotin

The composer of Beata viscera Mariae Virginis

Hildegard von Bingen

Composer of O splendidissima gemma, Scivias

Syllabic

one note for one syllabic

Neumatic

2-4 notes per syllables

anonymous

Composer for Sumer is icumen in

Guillaume de Machaut

Composer for Kyrie La Messe de Nostre Dame

Guillaume de Machaut

Composer for Toute Flour

Tomas Luis de Victoria

Composer of O Magnum Mysterium

Josquin des Prez

Composer for Ave Maria, Virgo Serena

Guillaume Dufay

Composer for Nuper Rosarum Flores

Giovanni Palestrina

Composer for Kyrie from Pope Marcellus Mass

John Dowland

Composer for Flow, My Tears

Music

The science and art of organizing sound and silence systematically through time

Mousike

The greek word Music is derived from

• “Art of the 9 Muses”

Euterpe

The Greek muse of Music (Lyric song)

Arnold Schoenberg

• “Father of musical expressionism”

• atonality

• Exploitation of the 12 tones

John Cage

• Experimental and philosophical music theorist

• Composer of Water Walk

“A way of waking up to the very life we’re living”

Kinesthetic Level

Physical reaction or manifestation to music

• organic

Associative Level

Attach story, object, or person to the music that you hear

• Meaning to the music

Intellectual Level

analysis, judgement, critque, and assessment of music

Spiritual Level

• Supernatural & mystical effects

• Therapeutic benefits

• Used in worship

• Ohm chant

Binaural Beats

• Two sounds of slightly different frequencies

• Auditory illusions (Overtone)

• Our body is made of electricity

Folk Music

• uniqueness using the vernacular - cultural/life occurence in the region/community

Ethnic Music

• Traditional musial instruments

• Ceremonies, rituals, war

Classical Music

• Art music of the West (Europe & Americas)

• System → concrete system

Pop Music

• Emphasis on music & lyrics

• Commercial appeal

Sound

Sensation perceived by the organs of hearing when vibrations (sound waves) produced by the motion

How sound works

• Movement travels

• Disturbs the air → ears detect → impulse/synapse

What makes a sound “musical”

• Highly organized

• Has structure

Must have te 4 basic properties

1. Frequency (pitch)

2. Amplitude (dynamics)

3. Timbre (Tone quality/color)

4. Duration

Frequency/Pitch

• How high or low the sound is perceived

High

A ___ pitch has a fast frequency

Low

A ___ pitch has a slow frequency

Tone

A sound with

• Definite pitch

• Equal time

Noise

A sound that has

• Indefinite/irregular pitch

• Irregular vibrations

Amplitude/Dynamics

How loud or soft a sound is perceived

• Wide = loud

• Thin = soft

Timbre

• Tone quality/color

• Distinguish between different instruments or sound source

Material, Manner, Overtones, Acoustics

Timbre is determined by these 4 qualities

Noise

More disturbed frequencies =

→ reverb → circulate

Duration

(tempo) (measure)

• Used to measure the basic distance between pulses or beat within a musical phrase

Rhythm

Temporal pattern of long and short sounds/silence played against a background of pulses (beat)

Tempo

The rate of speed at which steady recurring pulses of time may pass

Regular

This rhythm pattern is easy to follow and predictable

Irregular

This rhythmic pattern is difficult to follow, complex, syncopated

Regular & Irregular

Rhythm can be described as &

Melody

Linear/horizontal presentation of pitch

• Pattern of pitches

• Sucession of organized tones supported by pitch, duration & intensity

• What is that tune

Conjuct & Disjunct

Melody can be described as

Conjunct

Smooth; easy to sing or play

Disjunct

Disjointed; ragged or jumpy; difficult to sing or play

Harmony

• Verticalization of pitch

• Art of combining pitches into chords (simultaneous sounding of different pitches as a block)

• Can be arranged in a sentence-like pattern

Chord Progression

pitches that are arranged in a sentence-like patterns

Consonant and Dissonant

Harmony can be described in these two terms of its relative harshness

Consonant

Smooth-sounding harmonic combination

Dissonant

Harsh-sounding harmonic combination

Texture

Thickness of sound

• The number of musical lines (melodies) and the relationship these lines have to one another

Monophonic

Music with only one melodic line sounding at a given time

(NO HARMONY OR ACCOMPANIMENT)

• Doesnt matter if they have different register or number of people singing

Polyphonic

Music with TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT melodies sounding at the SAME TIME

-Interweaving

• Mashups

• Round song

• Madrigal

Heterophonic

Music with 2 OR MORE VERSIONS of the SAME MELODY SOUNDING at the SAME TIME

Form

Refers to the structure of music

Beat

groove

Surprise

Augmented chord progression causes a feeling of

Dark

Diminished chord progression causes a feeling of

Sad

Minor chord progression causes a feeling of

Bright

Major chord progression causes a feeling of

Homophonic

CODEPENDENT

• Prominent melody → upper part

• Harmonic accompaniment

Binary form

(A + B)

• 2 sections

Ternery form

(A + B + A)

• 3 section

Rondo

( A + B + A + C + A)

Themes & Variations

A A’ A’’ A’’’

Strophic

A A A

• Same time lyrics change

Through comprised

A B C D E

→ no melody repeated

Hornbostel-Sachs System

Most widely used system of classifying musical instruments (mostly non-Western) by ethnomusicologist & organologist

Idiophones

Sound produced by the vibration of the instrument body

Membranophones

Sound produced by the vibration of a tightly stretched membrane

Chordophones

Sound produced by the vibration of the strings

Aerophones

Sound produced by the vibration of air

Electrophones

Sound produced electronically

Vocal & Instrumental

Timbre can be categorized in two ways

Dynamics

Refers to how loud or soft a sound is perceived

• volume

Female Voice

• Soprano

• Mezzo-soprano

• Alto

Male Voice

-Tenor

-Baritone

-Bass

Woodwinds

Flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon, saxophone

Strings

Violins, viola, cello

Brass

Trumpets, french horn (alto), tenor trumbome, tuba bass

Pitched Percussion

Timpany, xylophone, tubular

Unpitched percussion

Triangle, cymbals, tambourine, maracas

Mozart

This composer is assigned K - Kochel

Bach

This composer is associated with the in BWV - Bach Werke Verzchis

Hayden

Hob. - Hoboken

We not sure

Anh → Anhang means what

Schubert

This composer is associated D

Greek Music

• Primarily monophonic

• Improvised

• Melody and rhythm, sound and meter of the poetry

Mind

This develops the ___ in Greek education through rhetoric or oratory

Body

This develops the ___ in Greek education through gymnastics

Soul

This develops the ___ in Greek education through art and music

Lyre

5-7 (11) strings that were plucked for weddings and recreation

• For weddings and recreation (rituals, dancing, singing, recitation of epic poetry)

• Was associated to Apollo - the god of light, prophecy and the arts

Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, & Music

The Ancient Greeks considered these 4 main branches of Mathematics

Apollo

The God of light, prophecy, and the arts

- associated with Classicism

• Very formal

• Lyre

Kithara

The larger counterpart of Lyre

• Used in rituals, dancing, singing, recitation of epic poetry (public & private)

Aulos

-A pipe flute

- used in the worship of Dionysus

-double reed wind instrument similar to an oboe

- played in pairs, with the two pipes held at an angle at the mouthpiece

• Used to accompany the singing of poems in festivals, religious ceremonies, theatrical performance and military context

Doctrine of Ethos

• Moral and ethical qualities of music"

“wrong type of music will lead to wrong kind of person”

“right type of music will lead to right kind of person”