Psych Chapter 7 - memory

Encoding

A: The process of how we take in information and convert it.

Q: What is storage?

A: The retention of encoded information over time.

Q: What is retrieval?

A: The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

Q: What is the structural level of processing?

A: The shallowest level of processing that involves encoding the qualities or appearance of something.

Q: What is the phonemic level of processing?

A: A moderate level of processing focused on the sound of information.

Q: What is the semantic level of processing?

A: The deepest level of processing, based on how you think and process the information.

Q: What is self-referent encoding?

A: A memory phenomenon where information is stored in relation to oneself.

Q: What is sensory memory?

A: The initial and brief storage of information received from the environment through the 5 senses.

Q: What is working memory?

A: The brain’s ability to temporarily store and manipulate information.

Q: What is short-term memory?

A: Temporary storage that holds small amounts of information in an active and accessible state, usually for seconds to a minute.

Q: What is rehearsal in memory?

A: Repetition or practice of information to enhance memory retention.

Q: What is chunking?

A: The process where the mind divides large amounts of information into smaller, easier-to-manage units.

Q: What is recall?

A: The process of retrieving information from memory without specific cues.

Q: What is recognition?

A: The ability to identify something as familiar or recognize that a stimulus has been encountered before.

Q: What is relearning?

A: Observing how much faster someone relearns material they previously learned and forgot.

Q: What is long-term memory?

A: Relatively permanent storage of information, including both semantic (general) and episodic (personal) memories.

Q: What are flashbulb memories?

A: Vivid and detailed recollections of a surprising or shocking event that are long-lasting and easily recalled.

Q: What is a cluster (in personality disorders)?

A: A grouping of personality disorders that share similar characteristics.

Q: What is a schema?

A: A mental framework or pattern of thought that helps organize and understand information; a set of expectations.

Q: What is a conceptual hierarchy?

A: A multi-level structure used to organize and arrange objects, events, or items with shared properties. Higher levels are more general, and lower levels are more specific.

Q: What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A: The experience of knowing a word or phrase but being unable to retrieve it from memory.

Q: What is reality monitoring?

A: Distinguishing between internally generated information (thoughts, memories) and external information (real-world experiences).

Q: What is source monitoring?

A: The process of determining the origin of memories, knowledge, or beliefs.