Cerebrah IMMUNOSERO (master list)

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner

1796 - Introduced vaccination against small pox and cross-immunity (cowpox and small pox)

Louis Pasteur

1880 - developed the first attenuated vaccine

Ellie Metchnikoff

1882 - cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

Jules Bordet

1896 - discovered ‘alexin’ , now known as complement

Jonas Salk

1949 - developed the polio vaccine (IPV)

Albert Sabin

1949 - developed the polio vaccine (OPV)

Rosalyn Yallow & Solomon Berson

1959 - developed the Radioimunnoassay technique

Gerald Edelman & Paul Porter

1972 - discovered the chemical structure of antibody

Cesar Milstein & George Kohler

1973 - devised Hybridoma technology

Hybridoma

production of monoclonal antibodies, which can be used for reagents or treatment of cancer

Susumu Tonegawa

1976 - discovery of genetic principle for Antibody diversity

Innate or Non-Specific

Natural Immunity

Immediate

Immunologic Response of Natural Immunity

3 to 6 hours

Neutrophils response within ______

Absent

Immunologic Memory of Natural Immunity

1st and 2nd

Lines of Defense of Natural Immunity

Acquired or Specific

Adaptive Immunity

Slow

Immunologic Response of Adaptive Immunity

3 to 7 days

Antibody production takes _______

Present (Memory B cells and T cells)

Immunologic Memory of Adaptive Immunity

3rd

Lines of Defense for Adaptive Immunity

First Line of Defense

consists of anatomical barriers that prevent infectious agents from infecting the body (skin, mucous membrane, cilia, body secretions)

5.6

pH of Intact Skin

1 - 3

pH of stomach acid

Lyzozymes

Body secretions contain ____

Lyzozymes

tears, saliva, milk, and mucus (has antibacterial properties)

Cellular and Humoral component

Second Line of Defense compose of ____

Phagocytic Cells

Major component of the Second Line of Defense (PMNs, Monocytes, Macrophages)

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Part of Cellular Component of 2nd line, Present to Helper T cells for antigen recognition

Dendritic Cell

most effective Antigen-Presenting Cell ; most potent phagocytic cell

Monocytes and Macrophages

APCs & Phagocytic cell

Natural Killer Cells

part of cellular component of 2nd line ; cytotoxic cells which kills virus and tumor cells

Humoral

composed of soluble factors or proteins

Complement system

Major component of the 2nd Line of Defense of the Humoral Component

Interferons

part of the Humoral Component of 2nd Line of Defense

Third Line of Defense

Higher Line of Defense

Specialized Lymphocytes

B cells and T cells, Cellular component of 3rd Line

Antibodies & Cytokines

Humoral component of the 3rd Line of Defense

Adherence

Physical contact between phagocytic cell and microorganism occurs

Diapedesis

migration of WBCs from capillaries to surrounding tissue

Chemotaxis

cells are attracted to the site of inflammation

Engulfment

outflowing of cytoplasm to surround the microorganism

Formation of Phagosome

microorganism is completely enclosed

Granule contact

lysosomal granules fuse with the phagosome

MPO

primary granule, important in bacterial digestion / respiratory burst

Formation of Phagolysosome

contents of the lysosome are emptied

Digestion

digestion of the microorganism by hydrolytic enzyme

Excretion

contents of phagolysosome are expelled to the outside by exocytosis

NK cells

Transitional cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity

Neutrophils

first responders to infection

Neutrophils

principal leukocyte associated with phagocystosis

16 - 48 hours

Monocytes / Macrophages respond within _____

Monocytes or Macrophages

Slow responders, constitute the Mononuclear phagocyte system

Eosinophils

Less efficient phagocyte, contains granules

Helminths

Eosinophils are toxic to ___

Eosinophils

Neutralizes products of mast cells (hypersensitivity)

Kupffer Cells

Liver Macrophages

Alveolar Macrophages or Dust Cells

Lung Macrophages

Microglial Cells

Brain / Nervous Tissue Macrophage

Histiocytes

Connective Tissue Macrophage

Langerhans Cells

Skin / Mucosa Macrophages

Splenic Macrophage

Spleen Macrophage

Littoral Cells

Lymph Nodes Macrophages

Hofbauer Cells

Placenta Macrophages

Osteoclasts

Bone Macrophage

Mesangial Cells

Kidney Macrophages

TLR (Toll-Like Receptors)

found on human leukocytes and recognize different microbial products

TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6

Toll-Like Receptors for bacterial structures, found on the surface of the cell

TLR 1, TLR 6

Lipopeptides (Mycobacteria)

TLR 2

Peptidoglycan (G pos Bacteria)

TLR 4

Lipopolysaccharide (G neg Bacteria)

TLR 5

Flagellin

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, 10

Toll-Like Receptors for viral nucleic acid, located in the endosome

TLR 3

dsRNA viruses

TLR 7

ssRNA viruses

TLR 8

ssRNA viruses

TLR 9

dsDNA viruses

TLR 10

unknown of function

Opsonins

substances that coat the foreign cells to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis (CRP, C3b, antibodies)

Acute-Phase Reactants

normal serum constituents that increase by 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to tissues

Hepatocytes, 12-24 hours

Acute Phase Reactants are produced by _____ within ____

CRP

most commonly measured ACR, increases 1000x in value within 6-10 hours

Cardiovascular Disease

CRP is a risk marker for ____

High Risk

3 mg/L

Average Risk

1-3 mg/L

Active Immunity

host synthesizes own antibodies

Passive Immunity

host receives antibodies derived from other sources

Natural Active

gained from infection, antibody is produced by the host, long duration of response

Artificial Active

Vaccination, antibody is produced by the host, long response

Natural Passive

Placental transfer of IgG of mother to child ; IgG protection for the first few days of birth

Artificial Passive

Infusion of plasma or serum ; COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma

Active immunity

What type of immunity is vaccination?

T-cells

60-70% of Lymphocytes

B-cells

10-20% of Lymphocytes

NK cells

10-15% of Lymphocytes

Cell-mediated

T cells are _____ mediated immunity

Humoral-mediated

B cells are ____ mediated immunity

Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

NK cells are ______ mediated immunity

Viral, Fungal, Tumors, Graft Rejections

T cells defend against ____

Bacterial infections

B cells defend against ____