AUBF_Prelim_Lab: Physical Examination of Urine

volume or capacity of a clear container for specime collection and handling

50 mL Capacity

Containers used for

• Pediatrics -

• 24-hour specimens -

• Pediatrics - adhesive bags

• 24-hour specimens - large plastic containers

Information on label that is put on the container

• Patient’s name

• ID number

• Date of Collection

• Time of Collection

This must accompany the container

Requisition Form

Other info put on thr label

• Type of spx.

• Interfering meds

Spx. rejection criteria

• Unlabeled containers

• Non-matching labels and requisitions

• Contaminated specimens - feces, paper

• Contaminated containers

• Insufficient quantity

• Delayed or improper transport

Physical Examination of Urine

It is the first information contained on a routine urinalysis report.

Parameters of Physical Exam of urine

• Urine odor

• color

• transparency

• pH

• Specific Gravity

• Volume

odor of normal urine

• faint odor of aromatic compounds

odor of urine as the specimen stands for a longer time

• Ammoniacal odorodo

odor of uirn with bacterial infection

• foul, pungent odor

odor of urine with diabetic ketosis

• sweet or fruity odor

Normal color of urine

Yellow

This gives pigment to the urine to become yellow

Urochrome

Factors that cause variation in urine color

• Diet

• lifestyle

• medication

  • disease

True

T/F;
a normal yellow urine may also contain analyte that signifies a disease such as glucose, ketones and others.

Transparency

• is the general term pertaining to the clarity of the specimen.

Common terms used to eport the appearance of urine are:

• clear

• Hazy

• Slightly cloudy

• turbid

• milky

four most common substances that cause turbidity aside from amorphous crystals

• WBC

• RBC

• Epithelial cells

• bacteria

white cloudiness in urine appears due to

• Amorphous urates

• phosphates

• carbonates

• calcium oxalate

• Uric Acid crystal

True

T/F:
The presence of WBC, RBC and bacteria in a freshly voided urine are indicative of pathogenicity and can be a cause for concer

True

T/F:

the degree of turbidity should correspond with the amount of material observed under the microscope

pH

It is the reflection of the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid

usual pH of first morining urine specimen

• 5-6 pH

Usual pH for urine after eating a meal

• 4.5-8 pH

Physiologic range of pH of Urine

• 4.5-8 pH

Tubular secretion of Hydrogen ions

• one of the factors (process) that affects the pH of urine

DIfferentiate the Blue and Red Litmus changing their colors

Blue → Red = acid pH

Red → Blue = Alkaline pH

non change = neutral

Normal values of Specific Gravity of Urine during 24 hrs period

• 1.016 - 1.022

Methods used to measure S.G.

• Refractometry (Refractometer)

• Reagent strip

• Hydrometry (Urinometer)

How many drops of urine is used for refractometer

1-2 drops on the prism surface

True

T/F

The reagent strip reaction is based on the change in pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

What is used to calibrate a refractometer

distilled water

How to remove foam on the hydrometer due to urine bubbling

filter paper

Disadvantage of Urinometer

• requires large volume (10-15mL)

• Rotating motion

• read at lower meniscus