PSY test 3

extrinsic

1.      Going to work because you get paid to do so, is an example of _________________________ motivation?

intrinsic

1.      Participating in an activity or hobby simply because you enjoy doing it is an example of _______________________________ motivation?

instincts

1.      The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals are called _________________________

operant conditioning

1.      The approach to motivation where behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties is called: ________________________________________

a.)Need for Achievement (nAch)
b. Need for Affiliation (nAff)
c. Need for Power (nPow)

1.      The three needs in McClelland's Theory of Motivation are:

a.       

b.       

c.      

self-actualization

1.      In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: _____________________________ can be achieved only after all lower levels of needs have been met.

an individual is energized, directed, and sustained to achieve goals or engage in certain behaviors.

1.      Motivation is the process by which _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

amygdala

1.      The part of the brain most involved with emotional processing is the ______________________

stress

1.      Physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging is commonly called:_____________________

a. Physiological Arousal
b. Cognitive Interpretation
c. Behavioral Expression

1.      Three Elements of Emotion

a.       

b.        

c.        

Yes

Are many facial expressions universal across cultures? _____________________

James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

1.      “I’m shaking because I am afraid” is an example of what theory of Emotion? ______________________

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.

1.      “I'm afraid because I am shaking?” is an example of what theory of emotion? ___________________

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

Who developed the Cognitive Arousal Theory?
____________________________________________

According to the Cognitive Arousal Theory, what two factors must be present in order for the labeling of emotion to occur? _____________________________

• Physiological Arousal

• Cognitive Interpretation of the Arousal

Facial Feedback Hypothesis.

1.      The idea that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion is called: ______________________________________

Social Psychology

1.      What field of Psychology looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in many ways? _____________________________________

conformity.

1.      Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people is called  ____________________

Groupthink

1.      ____________________________ occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

compliance

1.      Changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change is called __________________________________

foot-in-the-door technique.

1.      Asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment is called the ______________________________________

obedience

1.      Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure is called _____________________

Stanley Milgram

1.       A famous study that showed how people are often very willing to obey authority figures even when they don’t believe what they are doing is right was conducted by ____________________

a. Affective Component (feelings or emotions about the attitude object)
b. Behavioral Component (how the attitude influences behavior or actions)
c. Cognitive Component (beliefs or thoughts about the attitude object)

1.       Three Components of an Attitude (ABC)

a.       

b.       

c.        

persuasion

1.      The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation ____________________________

cognitive dissonance.

1.      The sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression is called:  __________________________

fundamental attribution error.

1.      The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors is called the ______________________________

prejudice

1.      Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group is called  _______________________

discrimination

1.      Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong is called ______________________________________________

Realistic Conflict Theory

The theory that conflict between groups, especially conflict over limited resources increases prejudice and discrimination is called _____________________________

a. Intimacy – The emotional closeness, connection, and bond between partners.
b. Passion – The physical attraction, romantic feelings, and sexual desire.
c. Commitment – The decision to maintain the relationship over time and work

1.      Sternberg’s Three Components of Love are?

a.       

b.       

c.        

roles

1.      The Stanford Prison Experiment showed how people were quick to take on ___________________ that were assigned to them and acted very differently because of it.

altruism

Prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself is called _____________________________

less likely

1.      In the Bystander effect help becomes _______________________________ as the number of bystanders increases.

personality.

1.      The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave is called ____________________

attitudes

1.      Value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior __________

a. Id – The primitive and instinctual part of the personality that operates based on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and needs.
b. Ego – The rational part of the personality that operates based on the reality principle, mediating between the desires of the id and the constraints of the external world.
c. Superego – The moral component of the personality that incorporates societal rules and values, striving for perfection and judging actions as right or wrong.

1.      According to Freud, the three parts of personality are:

a.       

b.       

c.        

ID

The Part of the personality that is present at birth; completely unconscious and consists of Basic Wants and desires is _____________________

defense mechanisms.

1.      Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety are called:  _____________________________

projection

Unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else—usually the target of the impulses or feelings is what Defense Mechanism?

a. Oral Stage (0-1 year) – The focus is on oral activities such as sucking and biting, which are sources of pleasure for the infant.
b. Anal Stage (1-3 years) – The focus is on the control of bodily functions, particularly during potty training, which plays a role in developing a sense of control and independence.
c. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) – The focus is on the genital area, and children begin to develop an unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent, leading to the Oedipus or Electra complex.
d. Latency Stage (6-puberty) – Sexual impulses are repressed, and the focus shifts to developing social skills, friendships, and intellectual pursuits.
e. Genital Stage (puberty onward) – The focus returns to the genital area, and individuals develop mature sexual relationships and seek to establish their own identity and relationships.

1.       What are Freuds 5 PsychoSexual Stages?

a.       

b.       

c.        

d.       

e.       

1.      __________________________ define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

Behaviorists

self-actualization.

1.      Humanistic personality theories believe that human beings are always striving to fulfull their innate capacities. This striving for fulfillment is known as ___________________________

trait theories.

1.      Theories that describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior are called ______________________________

a. Openness to Experience – The degree to which a person is imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences.
b. Conscientiousness – The degree to which a person is organized, dependable, and goal-oriented.
c. Extraversion – The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, and energetic.
d. Agreeableness – The degree to which a person is compassionate, cooperative, and empathetic toward others.
e. Neuroticism – The degree to which a person experiences negative emotions like anxiety, sadness, and irritability.

1.       What are the traits in the “Big Five” Personality Theory?

a.       

b.       

c.        

d.       

e.       

Conscientiousness

If someone is organized, neat, ambitious, and reliable they will likely score high on which of the big five traits? ___________________________

Agreeableness

1.      If someone is Rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive they will likely score low on which of the big five traits? ____________________________________________

genetics play a significant role in the heritability of personality traits

1.      What do twin and adoption studies show about the heritability of personality traits? ___________________________

Type A

1.      Someone who is Ambitious, Time conscious, Extremely hardworking, Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger and is Easily annoyed would have a Type ___________ personality

projective

1.      The Rohrshach inkblot test is an example of what type of personality test? ____________________