Alterations in Cardiovascular Function and Perfusion - Part II (HR 59)

Vocabulary flashcards covering peripheral vascular disease, arterial and venous pathophysiology, and cardiac rhythm terminology from the lecture notes.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

Progressive conditions characterized by altered blood flow through vessels outside of the heart; includes venous and arterial disease affecting the limbs.

Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD)

Venous disorders in the legs leading to blood pooling, edema, varicose veins, and potential venous ulcers.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Arterial disease, primarily from atherosclerosis, that reduces blood flow to the lower extremities.

Chronic Venous Disease (CVD)

Long-standing venous insufficiency with venous hypertension that can cause edema and skin changes.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

Persistent venous hypertension due to valve dysfunction or obstruction, with edema and skin changes.

Varicose veins

Dilated, tortuous superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence and elevated venous pressure.

Edema

Swelling from fluid accumulation, commonly due to venous insufficiency or venous obstruction.

Venous insufficiency

Inadequate venous return from the legs due to valve incompetence or obstruction, leading to pooling and edema.

Venous thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot within a vein, potentially leading to DVT or PE.

Virchow triad

Three factors that promote thrombosis: vein wall injury, abnormal blood clotting components, and slowed or disrupted blood flow.

Plethysmography

A venous assessment test that measures volume changes to evaluate venous function and reflux.

Duplex Ultrasound

Noninvasive imaging combining traditional ultrasound and Doppler to visualize vessels and assess blood flow.

CEAP

Classification system for chronic venous disease: Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, Pathophysiology.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

Noninvasive test comparing ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure to diagnose PAD.

6 Ps (acute limb ischemia)

Pallor, Pain, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Pulselessness, Poikilothermia—the signs of potential limb threat.

Intermittent claudication

Pain in the muscles of the leg caused by insufficient blood flow during activity, relieved by rest.

Atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup, a major cause of PAD.

Risk factors for PAD

Atherosclerosis, injury, inflammation, radiation exposure, embolism/thrombosis, vasospasm, hypertension, BMI >30, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, elevated homocysteine, aging, smoking, family history.

Angler-Brachial Index testing modalities (CTA, MRA, Doppler)

Imaging tests (CTA, MRA) and invasive angiography (peripheral angiogram) used to visualize arterial flow in PAD.

Intermittent claudication (PAD symptom)

Cramping pain in the legs with walking due to ischemia, relieved by rest.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) values

Ratio of ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure used to assess PAD severity.

Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA)

CT imaging with contrast to visualize arterial anatomy and blockages.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

MRI-based imaging of blood vessels to assess arterial disease without or with contrast.

Duplex Ultrasonography (PAD testing)

Ultrasound that assesses arterial structure and blood flow to detect PAD.

Peripheral Angiogram

Invasive imaging with contrast to visualize arteries and identify blockages.

First-Degree Heart Block

PR interval prolongation with normal overall rhythm; “when R is far from the P.”

PR interval

Time for conduction from the atria through the AV node; normal range roughly 0.12–0.20 seconds.

P wave

Atrial depolarization on ECG.

QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization on ECG; typically 0.06–0.10 seconds.

ST segment

Period after ventricular depolarization before repolarization; used to assess ischemia or injury.

T wave

Ventricular repolarization on ECG.

QT interval

Time for ventricular repolarization to complete; normally less than about 0.45 seconds.

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Regular rhythm with normal P waves, PR interval, and QRS complex originating from the SA node.

Sinus Bradycardia

Heart rate below 60 beats per minute; may be asymptomatic or cause fatigue, dizziness, or syncope.

Sinus Tachycardia

Heart rate above 100 beats per minute; can be due to fever, infection, or stress.

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

Early ventricular beats originating from the ventricles; may be benign or symptomatic.

Bigeminy

PVC pattern where every other beat is a PVC.

Trigeminy

PVC pattern where every third beat is a PVC.

Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)

Early atrial beats; P wave may be hidden or abnormal with an altered PR interval.

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Irregularly irregular rhythm with absent discrete P waves and fibrillatory activity; risk of stroke.

Atrial Flutter

Rapid, regular atrial rhythm with sawtooth flutter waves and variable ventricular response.

Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

Sudden onset rapid heart rate arising above the ventricles due to reentry or accessory pathways.

EKG/ECG correlations: SA node, AV node, depolarization, repolarization

SA node initiates impulse (P wave); AV node delays conduction; ventricular depolarization (QRS) and repolarization (T) follow.