Abnormal Psych exam 2

emotion

emotion

short lived sensation, turning point, drops down

symptoms of major depressive episode

loss of interest in activities, lack of emotion, insomnia/restless excessive hunger/loss in appetite, irritability, social isolation, death suicidal thoughts, weight gain / loss

length of MDE

2 weeks

major depressive disorder

2+ weeks, multiple episodes over time

recurrent depression

episode, 2 month break, episode again

diagnosing dysthymia

2+ years, depressed mood and 2 or more other symptoms

other dysthymic symptoms

poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness

dysthymia vs depression

2 plus years, high rates of suicide vs 2 weeks

sources of comfort

friends and self is the highest, followed by parents, exercise and bf/gf

bipolar mania

can't function in society, exaggerated joy, hyperactivity, unusual talkativeness, reduced sleep requirements, lasts 1+ week, inflated self-esteem

hypomania

can function in society, lasts 4 days

bipolar I

needs mania, depression will end up coming later in life

bipolar II

hypomania, severe depression

etiology of unipolar depressive disorder

cognitive distortions and beck negative cognitive triad

all or nothing cognitive distortion

failing hw means failing school

magnification cognitive distortion

fridge broke you throw away food and nothing will ever be okay again

mental filter cognitive distortion

overthinking over and over again about things that went wrong and dwelling on past

overgeneralization cognitive distortion

always bad things happen happen to you

self-blame cognitive distortion

personalize all problems and make them your fault

beck negative cognitive triad

negative views about self, world, future effects depression, core beliefs that are negative

phases of negative cognitive triad

automatic thoughts, schemas, activate emotion, effects behavior (UGLY)

learned helplessness

saligman unable to control past and upsetting experiences

hopelessness

things will never improve

response style theory

inability to direct attention away from negative thoughts

interpersonal theory

relationships with others are poor, poor social skills and listening skills

study on cannabis & MDD

individuals who are cannabis dependent had higher odds of suicide ideation and attempt

genetic aspects of MDD & cannabis study

doesn't matter identical and fraternal but effect of cannabis stronger for fraternal twins

CBT

goal-oriented, cognitive restructuring thoughts, behavioral activation with activities and relapse prevention

BT

focusing on behaving, activities and level of exercise

ECT

extreme cases of depression, shock therapy

kinsey sexual study

scale of sexual orientation, men identified as heterosexual still engaged in homosexual activity, women whatever felt good

masters & johnson

observed sex in person focusing on male body

phases of masters & johnson

arousal, plateau, orgasm, refractory

kaplan model

desire to engage in sexual activities comes first in men not always in women

kaplan phases

desire, arousal, orgasm, refractory

basson model

turning on, subjective is different from desire, focuses on emotional aspect behind sex, relationships and emotional intimacy

basson phases

sex stimulus, arousal, desire, increased arousal, emotional physiological reward, non-sex reward

endorsement of sexual models study for females

women endorsed basson model and had lower FSFI than women endorsing MJ/K

which model leads to sexual dysfunction in women?

basson

endorsement of sexual model for men

masters and johnson

sexual desire

wanting to have sex both mind and body

psycho-physiology opioids

immediately after orgasm

psycho-physiology dopamine

rewards, helps you know what you like

psycho-physiology oxytocin

love hormone released after orgasm

orgasm vs desire for oxytocin

learn what you like sexually vs people trying to force love feeling after sex

treatments for sexual desire

filbanserin pill increases dopamine and noradrenaline, based on completion of sexual activity

sexual arousal

response to sexual stimulation

psychophysiology of men

corpora cavernosa increases during sex, endothelial cells contract and relax, tubescence, veno occlusion of veins, less pressure equals erection

tubescence

relaxation of tissues in penis

venular plexus

networks of capillaries

psychophysiology of women

corpus cavernous and arms of clitoris (crus clitons) are the parts aroused

arousal of women

rush of blood to vagina, enlargement/engorgement/elongation of vagina, enlargement of corpus cavernous, cervix moves up, bodily changes such as nipples and cheeks

female sexual arousal disorder criterion

having a hard time having/obtaining arousal when not having the right type, not situational, causes distress

erectile dysfunction

inability to obtain erection long enough for penetration

treatments for ED

slidenafil which signals endothelial cells to relax and prevents contraction, increases tubescence

treatments for female arousal disorder

mindfulness, focusing on own personal experience

barlow's model for arousal with sexual stimuli

focusing on own experience, stimulation of erogenous zones, exploring to achieve arousal without expectation of intercourse

barlow's model of male with no sexual dysfunction

sex stimuli presented, pleasant expectation leads to positive effect, increase in physiological arousal, interpretation of positive arousal, focusing on arousing stimuli, increased arousal, erection

barlow's model of male with sexual dysfunction

sexual stimuli presented, unpleasant expectation, negative affect, increase in physiological arousal, interpretation of anxiety, negative arousal, non-sexual stimuli focus, failed erection

SIS1

performance anxiety with sex

SIS2

consequences w sex

Study RE

reported more by straight men

Study ED

reported more by gay men

erotic video study men

more significant arousal, stronger response to straight/lesbian sex

erotic video study women

body responded to most erotic things, subjective reports did not match sexuality

orgasm disorder

changes in pleasure sense/alteration of awareness

psychophysiology oxytocin males

prevents/reduces erection and to increase during refractory time

parasympathetic system during sex

endothelial cells in men constantly contracting / relaxing during sex

sympathetic system during sex

loss of erection

premature ejaculation

less than one minute, common in younger men, inexperience in sex, body and mind

primary anorgasmia

never had orgasm before (easier to treat)

heiman & lopiccolo

exploration of body, education about yourself/body

sensate focus

stop-squeeze technique, identifying the point of no return

anorexia nervosa

low bmi, intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat, disturbance in way one looks/shape is experienced

bulimia nervosa

recurrent episodes of binge eating, recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors, binge purging occurs once a week for 3months, self-evaluation influence by body weight /shape, normal bmi

subjective binge

person isn't eating, then things they are eating a lot (anorexia)

objective binge

eating an abnormally large amount of food that any other person wouldn't eat (bulimia)

binge eating disorder

episodes of binge eating, association with 3 other symptoms, high bmi

other binge eating symptoms

rapid eating, eating until uncomfortably full, large amounts of food not physically hungry, alone eating and embarrassment, disgust with oneself

differences between AN & BN

low bmi, does not always binge or purge in AN, normal bmi, eating alot in BN

similarities between AN & BN

unhealthy relationship with food, poor body image

risk factors of eating disorders

sociocultural pressure to be thin, modeling from parents and peers, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, perfectionism

transdiagnostic theory (study)

clinical perfectionism, core low self-esteem, mood intolerance, interpersonal difficulties

dual pathway stice model phases

pressure to be thin and thin ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint and negative affect, bulimic symptoms

thin ideal internalization

not just wanting to be small but having the idea that you can't be successful unless youre thin

bulimia model phases

societal pressure to be thin, food restriction and dieting, craving food due to caloric deprivation, binge eating, purge to lose weight from binge

bulimia model phases II

negative affect, binge eating, immediate decrease in negative emotions, frequency of binge eating increases due to negative reinforcement

result from ethnic study

body project produced similar intervention affects for all ethnic groups, not larger affect if facilitators matched ethnicity

ethnic study thin idealization

less likely to work if individual does not follow idealization

highest amount of people affected by eating disorders

transgender females who identify as straight, straight women, gay men

lowest risk of people affected by eating disorders

lesbian woman, straight males, transgender women who identify as lesbian