Psychology Chapter 19

Aggression

any overly forceful behavior with the desire to win.

What are the four theories of aggression?

biological influences, cognitive factors, personality factors, and environmental factors.

What are biological influences?

with innate biological factors that can cause aggression; it also states that a lack of serotonin leads to aggression.

What are cognitive factors?

when children learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating their parents.

What are personality factors?

when personality traits such as impulsiveness and having little empathy, combined with favoring domination, can make a person a bully.

What are environmental factors?

frustration-aggression hypothesis. The frustration-aggression hypothesis is the idea that frustration or failure to obtain something expected leads to aggression.

Obedience

a change in the attitude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceived to be authorities.

Compliance

to respond to a request of another person without necessarily changing our beliefs.

Conformity

Sometimes people behave in accordance with socially accepted conventions, even if the behavior doesn't feel natural

What are the 5 factors what increase conformity?

1. belong to a group that emphasizes the role of groups rather than the individual

2. the desire to be liked by other group members

3. low self-esteem

4. lack of familiarity with a task

5. the group size, and cultural influences

In-Group

when members identify with the group. "We" Group

Out-Group

everyone who isn't a member of the group. "They" Group

Primary Group

a group of people who interact with one another face-to-face daily.

Secondary Group

a larger group of people with whom you might have impersonal relationships.

Group

a collection of people who interact.

Aggregate

a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time.

Interdependence

when any action by one member will affect or influence the other members.

Cohesiveness

the factors that hold groups together.

Norms

usually unwritten rules that govern the behavior and attitudes of group members.

Ideology

common ideas, attitudes, and goals.

Commitment

increased by the requirement of personal sacrifice, participation strengthens this.

Social Facilitation

an increase in performance in front of a crowd.

Social Inhibition

a decrease in performance in front of a crowd.

Group Structure

the study of the roles in various members play in the group and how these roles are interrelated.

Group Polarization

when group discussion reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts group members' opinions to a more extreme position.

Groupthink

poor decision-making that occurs as a result of a group emphasizing unity over critical thinking.

Leadership

the end product of the reinforcement of the group being led.

Transformational Leadership

procedures for large-scale organizational change by changing the goals of group members and deepening their commitment.

Authoritarian

makes all the decisions and assigns tasks to group members.

Laissez-Faire

allows group members to set their own goals and decisions.

Democratic

encourages group members to come to decisions through consensus.

Types of Bullying

Verbal, Social, and Physical.

Effects of Bullying

Depression and Anxiety, Health Complaints, and Decreased Academic Achievement.

Catharsis

releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions.

Altruism

helping others, often at a cost or risk, for reasons other than rewards.

Diffusion of Responsibility

the presence of others lessens an individual's feelings of responsibility for his or her actions OR failure to act.

Bystander Effect

an individual doesn't take action because of the presence of others.

Social Loafing

the tendency to work less hard when sharing the workload with others.

Deindividuation

individuals behave irrationally when there's less chance of being personally identified.