Final Review

I Olfactory

sensory CN that supports smell; #1

II Optic

sensory CN that supports vision; #2

III Oculomotor

motor CN that supports eye movement; #3

IV Trochlear

motor CN that supports eye movement; #4

V Trigeminal

mixed CN that supports mandible & maxilla movement and sensation to the face, mouth, & jaw; #5

VI Abducens

motor CN that supports eye movement; #6

VII Facial

mixed CN that supports expression, gustation (taste), ear sensation, and movement to the lips & face; #7

VIII Vestibulocochlear

sensory CN that supports hearing and balance; #8

IX Glossopharyngeal

mixed CN that supports gustation (taste), ear sensation, swallowing, and movement to the superior pharynx; #9

X Vagus

mixed CN that supports pharyngeal, palatal, & laryngeal movement and sensation to the larynx, pharynx, and ear; #10

XI Accessory

motor CN that supports movement to the shoulder and neck and assists the Vagus; #11

XII Hypoglossal

motor CN that supports tongue and neck movement; #12

4

How many ventricles are there?

gustation

term meaning taste

ventricle

fluid filled cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid to protect, cushion, and nourish the CNS

corpus callosum

the major commisural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

oligodendrocytes

glial cells in the CNS that produce myelin sheaths around axons

Schwann cells

glial cells in the PNS that produce myelin sheaths around axons

glial cells

neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and protection to neurons, maintain homeostasis, and produce myelin; act as the “dough” to the neurons

neurons

the basic functional units of the nervous system that transmit information throughout the body using electrical and chemical signals; responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, and relaying signals

brain and spinal cord

What are the parts of the CNS?

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What are the parts of the PNS?

arcuate fasciculus

a white matter bundle in the brain that acts as a crucial pathway for language processing; connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

afferent

carry sensory signals from body to brain (from PNS to CNS)

efferent

carry motor signals from brain to body (from CNS to PNS)

brainstem

What is the origin of the cranial nerves?

thalamus

What is the pink structure labeled #1?

midbrain

What is the green structure labeled #2?

pons

What is the blue structure labeled #3?

medulla oblongata

What is the orange structure labeled #4?

spinal cord

What is the red structure labeled #5?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What are the 3 layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?

False

(T/F) The lobes of the brain in either hemisphere are mirror images in structure and function.

medulla oblongata

Where do the nerves decussate to the opposite side of the body to maintain contralateral control?

frontal lobe

What is the blue structure labeled #1?

parietal lobe

What is the pink structure labeled #2?

occipital lobe

What is the green structure labeled #3?

temporal lobe

What is the red structure labeled #4?

cerebellum

What is the yellow structure labeled #5?

astrocyte

What is the most common type of glial cell?

False

(T/F) There is a 1:1 correspondance between vowels and their formant frequencies.

[variation between speakers]

Hertz

the measurement used for the frequency of sound

modal register

vocal register most commonly used in normal conversational speech

True

(T/F) The cochlea houses the organ of Corti.

tonotopic organization

the term for the differenital frequency response of the basilar membrane

A: 3 rows of outer hair cells

B: 1 row of inner hair cells

Name the structures labeled A & B.

stop oral plosive

On a spectrogram, the acoustic features of a silent gap (silence), release burst (burst noise), voice onset time (VOT), and formant transitions (post-plostive vowel formant transition) occur in what?

False

During speech breathing, older adults can produce more syllables per breath.

tectorial membrane

What is the name of the structure the blue arrow is pointing to?

decibels (dB)

the measurement used for the intensity of sound

A: malleus

B: incus

C: stapes

Identify the bones of the ossicular chain labeled with A, B, and C.

Equalize pressure and keep the middle ear space ventilated

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

frequency

The number of cycles of vibration completed in a second refers to the ____ of the sound.

F1: low

F2: high

What is the vowel acoustic pattern/relationship between F1 and F2 for a high front vowel?

[continuous & aperiodic definitions]

snake’s hiss, static on the radio/TV

What is an example of a continuous, aperiodic sound?

Boyle’s Law

P1/V1 = P2/V2; in a container with a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related

respiration

What is an example of Boyle’s Law?

deflate

What do the lungs do when the diaphragm relaxes?

expand

What do the lungs do when the diaphragm contracts?

A: Infant/child ET runs more horizontally

B: Adult ET is more angular (which helps fluid in the middle-ear space drain down into the nasopharynx)

What is the difference between the eustachian tubes in A & B?

1) size difference between tympanic membrane and oval window increases sound pressure

2) lever action of the ossicles/osicular chain adds energy

What are the two mechanisms of the auditory system that are responsible for impedance matching?

apex/apical portion

What portion of the basilar membrane is the most responsive to low-frequency sounds?

base

What portion of the basilar membrane is the most responsive to high-frequency sounds?

[Vowels & consonatnts intensity and frequency]

greater intensity, lower frequency

Vowels, compared to consonants, have ______ intensensity & _____ frequency.

vocal folds (fundamental frequency)

What is the source of your voice based on the source-filter theory?

vocal tract (formants)

What is the filter of your voice based on the source-filter theory?

basilar membrane

What is the name of the structure the blue arrow is pointing to?

myoelastic theory of phonation

theory that explains how voice is produced through the interaction of muscle force and airflow; according to this theory, the vocal folds must adduct to close the glottis. As the glottis closes due to medial compression, air pressure builds up beneath the vocal folds. When the pressure becomes strong enough, it overcomes the resistance of the glottis, forcing the vocal folds apart; a puff of air escapes into the vocal tract, setting the air in the tract iinto vibration, which creates a sound wave; this sound wave travels through the vocal tract, where it is articulated and resonated into speech; meanwhile, the vocal folds begin to adduct again, preparing for the next cycle of vibration