[SHS_ENG2] 4th Periodic Test Flashcards

Business Message

Business Message

➔ A communication tool used in order to get a
message across to its audience
➔ Ex: video presentation, business proposal
➔ A business message can be delivered in two
ways
◆ Direct Strategy
◆ Indirect Strategy

What makes a business message effective?

➔ Purposeful
◆ The reason you are writing it.
➔ Economical
◆ brief and clear
◆ The reader will get the message right
away.
➔ Audience oriented
◆ The speech depends on your reader.
◆ Don't use technical terms when your
audience is not expert in the field.
➔ Process oriented
◆ clearly explain the specifics and ways.

Writer's Block

➔ Psychological inhibition that prevents a writer
from proceeding with a piece.

Morning Pages

➔ "Dumping site of writers"
➔ 3 page writing of own thoughts (similar to
journaling)

Graphic Organizers

➔ Systematic illustrations of ideas taken from a
text you've read.
➔ Way of providing an overview of a text, used to
summarize information from an academic
paper and also used to simplify information.

Pie Charts

◆ Represent data in a circular form with
each slice of the circle representing a
fraction or portion of the whole.
◆ Ex. results of a survey

Venn Diagram

Diagram used to visually represent the
difference and similarities between
two or more concepts.

T Chart

Used to visually represent two different
sets of information.

Data Retrieval Chart

Used to gather and organize a variety of
characteristics about a topic.

Data Storage Chart

Also used to fill in information needed
in the table.

Flowcharts

Used to present information in a series
of processes.

Ishikawa diagram

◆ The "fishbone diagram" created by:
Kaoru Ishikawa
◆ Used to show the causes of an event

Sungram

Organizes information to show how
different ideas are related to each
other.

Pyramid

Rank information from the most
important ones to the lesser ones.

Timeline

Shows history

Fire triangle

Shows the dependency of three
concepts among themselves.

Reading-Writing Connection

➔ Reading and writing involve active thinking
processes.
➔ The benefits of reading and writing is it
reinforces or strengthen each other

5 Macro Skills

➔ Reading - Writing
➔ Explicit - the meaning is obvious
➔ Letter sound relationships
➔ Listening - Speaking
➔ Viewing

Bloom's taxonomy

Learning theory that explains how one can
think of things or learn something.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

➔ Analyze - differentiate, organize, relate,
compare, contrast, distinguish, examine,
experiment, question, test
➔ Evaluate - appraise, argue, defend, judge,
select, support, value, critique, weigh.
➔ Create - design, assemble, construct,
conjecture, develop, formulate, author,
investigate

Middle Order Thinking Skills

Apply - execute, implement, solve, use,
interpret, demonstrate, operate, schedule,
sketch

Lower Order Thinking Skills

➔ Remember - define, duplicate, list, memorize,
repeat, state.
➔ Understand - classify, describe, discuss,
explain, identify, locate, recognize, report,
select, and translate.

Concept Paper

➔ A type of text that discusses "what is an
idea/term?"
➔ Starts with a definition , either, formal or
informal of the term or the concept and
proceeds with an expanded definition

Concept Paper in the Academe Setting

➔ A concept paper may come in a form of
research paper
➔ Concept paper presents idea/proposal
◆ Ex. Research proposal

Concept Paper in the Workplace Setting

➔ The concept paper should give a clear picture
of what the research, project, or the study is all
about.
◆ Ex. Project proposal

Project Proposal

➔ Proposal that requests for financial assistance
to implement a project.
➔ A detailed description of a series of activities
aimed at solving a problem.
1. Follows a format
➔ Provides a logical presentation of a
research idea.
2. Justify how it supports the company's causes
➔ Shows the ideas' relationship to past
actions.
3. Establishes the activity's worth to the company
➔ Illustrates the significance of the idea.
4. Gives a detailed plan on how to execute the project.
➔ Articulates the activities for the
proposed project.

Elements of a Project Proposal

➔ Clear
➔ Accurate and objective
➔ Accessible
➔ Concise

Clear

◆ Understandable
◆ Uses plain language

Accurate and objective

Based on facts

Accessible

All possible questions answered

Concise

Brief but substantial

Format of a Project Proposal

➔ Project Title
➔ Project Rationale
➔ Project Objectives
➔ Project Proponents
➔ Project Description
➔ Target Beneficiaries
➔ Venue
➔ Platform
➔ Project Duration
➔ Program Flow
➔ Project Budget

Project Title

◆ Accurately reflect the content and
focus of the project
◆ Tips:
● Use keywords or phrases that
highlights the main topic,
objectives, or key elements of
the project
● Keep it short and simple
● Be creative and engaging

Project Rationale

Provides the underlying reasoning and
justification for undertaking the
project

Project Objectives

The goal or aim of the project

Project Proponents

Individuals, groups, organizations or
entities who proposed and initiated the
project.

Project Description

◆ Provides detailed information about
the project
◆ Includes the project process: how the
project will be implemented

Target Beneficiaries

The group of people that will be
affected by your project; who will
benefit from it.

Venue

Physical location where a project or
specific project-related activities will
take place.

Platform

Used for online settings.

Project Duration

◆ Total length of time required to
complete a project from start to finish
◆ Typically expressed in units of time,
such as hours, days, weeks, months, or
years depending on the scale and
complexity of the project.

Program Flow

The project process for seminar with
programs

Project Budget

◆ Detailed financial plan
◆ Breakdown of expenses related to
various project activities.
◆ Direct costs
● expenses directly attributable
to the project activities.
◆ Indirect costs
● not directly attributable to the
project

Argumentative Essay

➔ Also called "persuasive essay."
➔ A piece of writing is used to convince readers
to agree to an argument or claim about a
particular topic.

Parts of an Essay

➔ Title
◆ Captures attention
◆ Explicit
◆ Can easily be understood
➔ Introduction
◆ Thesis statement
➔ Body
◆ Explain points given in the
introduction
➔ Supporting Details
◆ Arguments
➔ Conclusion
◆ Summary and Recommendations

Argumentation

➔ Process of reasoning by advancing proof
◆ valid reasons, citations, references,
and reliable sources

Goals of Argumentative Essay

➔To persuade and move the audience
➔ To articulate why the stance was chosen

Forms of Argumentative Essays

➔ Editorials
➔ Op-Ed
➔ Letters to editors
➔ Reviews
➔ Advertisements
➔ Propaganda

Editorials

States the general opinion of the organization
(editors and publishers)

Op-Ed

➔ Opposite-Editorial
➔ Piece of an essay that tries to convince readers
to agree with the writer's views on an issue.

Letters to editors

Letters sent to a publishing organization to
express one's opinions in response to
published articles

Reviews

Evaluate items and activities, such as books,
movies, plays, and music, from the writer's
point of view.

Advertisements

Announcements that try to persuade people to
purchase or act

Propaganda

➔ Persuades people to think or act in a certain
way.
➔ Uses emotional appeal and is often biased,
false, or misleading information

Elements of Argumentation

➔ Argument/Claim
➔ Counter argument or Counterclaim
➔ Refutation

Argument/Claim

An argument states a claim and
supports it with reasons and evidence
from sources

Counter argument or Counterclaim

An argument that's stand in
opposition to your argument/claim

Refutation

◆ Simply disproving an opposing
argument
◆ Attacking the opponent's claims point
by point

Argumentative Essay Structure

➔ Introduction
◆ Background information of the
controversy/topic
◆ Clear, concise, and defined thesis
statement
➔ Body
◆ Argument in favor/against
◆ Reasons
◆ Evidential supports
➔ Conclusion
◆ Final statement

Argumentative Essay Structure: Balanced

➔ Introduction
◆ Background information of the
controversy/topic
◆ Clear, concise, and defined thesis
statement
➔ Body
◆ Argument in favor
◆ Reasons and Evidential support
◆ Argument against
◆ Reasons and Evidential support
➔ Conclusion
◆ Summary of two sides
◆ Point of view and explain why briefly

Reaction Paper

➔ A written paper of a reaction to something you
have read or seen.
◆ Be organized
◆ Has citations and references
◆ Includes opinions with factual
supporting evidences
◆ Refrain for using "i think", "i feel"or "i
believe"
◆ Avoid using the pronoun "you"
◆ Don't simply repeat what the author
has already said.

The Three Elements of a Reaction Paper

E
R
E

E

Evidence that you have understood what the
material said

R

Reaction to the writer or creators ideas

E

Evaluation of the materials

Steps in writing a Reaction Paper

➔ Read and study the material
➔ Annotate as you read
➔ Ask questions as you read
➔ Free write
➔ Decided on your angle and determine your
thesis
➔ Organize your paper
➔ Gather quotations
➔ Structure your paragraph

Critique Paper

➔ The goal is to make use of constructive
criticisms
➔ Briefly summarizes and critically evaluates the
work.
➔ Evaluates:
◆ Creative works
◆ Research
◆ Media

Parts of a Critique Paper

➔ Introduction
◆ Article and its author
◆ Your main point
➔ Body
◆ Summary of the issues
◆ Author's key assumptions
◆ Your perspective on these assumptions
and basis used
➔ Conclusion
◆ Overall evaluation
◆ Summary of the key reasons why the
critique paper is formed

Three Stages in Writing

➔ Stage 1: Pre-writing
➔ Stage 2: Writing
➔ Stage 3: Revising or Post-writing

Writing is a recursive process.

It does not end by finishing at Stage 3 because
you might write again from the beginning.

Stage 1 or Pre-writing

Brainstorming by analyzing, anticipating, and
adapting.

Substages of Stage 1

➔ Defining the purpose
➔ Analyzing the audience
➔ Establishing good relationship
➔ Cultivate a 'you' view
➔ Choosing your channel and medium

Defining the purpose

Realistic, appropriate, timely, and acceptable.

Analyzing the audience

➔ Consider primary audience, size, and
composition.
➔ Anticipate reaction
➔ Use words understandable to the audience
◆ Primary audience - directly affected
◆ Secondary audience - indirectly
affected

Establishing good relationship

Put emphasis on the audience's benefits

Cultivate a 'you' view

Speak to your audience as if you are their
friend!

Choosing your channel and medium

➔ Medium
◆ Kind of language
◆ Verbal or non-verbal
➔ Chanel
◆ Tools or gadgets

Media Richness Theory

➔ by Richard Daft and Robert Hhengel
➔ Different types of mediums have varying levels
of effectiveness.
◆ Criteria: feedback, personal focus,
immediacy, and multiple cues.

Levels of Language Use

➔ Unprofessional
➔ Conversational
➔ Formal Language
➔ Positive Language
➔ Courteous Language
➔ Inclusive Language
➔ Plain Language
➔ Familiar words

Unprofessional

➔ Seen in comic strip and casual conversations
➔ "Yup, copy that."

Conversational

➔ Present in business messages, most
newspapers, and most magazines.
➔ "I have received your request."

Formal Language

➔ Scientific writing, academic writing, scholarly
books, and proclamations.
➔ Ex. "This is the acknowledged receipt of your
request."

Positive Language

➔ Affirmative

Courteous Language

➔ Makes use of modal verbs
➔ In question form

Inclusive Language

➔ Usage of professional honorifics
➔ They/them pronouns

Plain Language

Easily understandable

Familiar words

➔ Use simple alternatives
➔ Ex. Use end instead of terminate.

Stage 2 of Writing

Where you research, organize, and compose.

Composing

➔ Structure of a written work
◆ Effective sentence
◆ Errors
◆ Structure

Errors

➔ Fragment Sentences
➔ Run-on Sentences
➔ Comma Splice
➔ Dangling Modifiers
➔ Misplaced Modifiers
➔ Faulty Parallelism

Fragment Sentences

◆ An incomplete sentence that lacks a subject, a verb, or does not express a complete thought
◆ Ex : Even though the pay was low. Many
candidates applied.

Run-on Sentences

◆ A grammatical error occurs when two or more independent clauses (complete sentences) are joined together without proper punctuation or coordination.
◆ Ex: Two candidates applied, only one
was hired.

Comma Splice

◆ A grammatical error occurs when two independent clauses (complete sentences) are joined with only a comma, without any coordinating conjunction or appropriate punctuation.
◆ Ex: Many were qualified, Ryoma was
hired.

Dangling Modifiers

◆ A modifier in a sentence is not clearly or logically connected to the word or phrase it is intended to modify.
◆ Ex: Using a search engine, the web site
was finally located.

Misplaced Modifiers

◆ A modifier such as an adjective, adverb, or phrase, is placed in an incorrect position within a sentence
◆ Ex: It's hard to understand why
employees would not go to our
technical support with software
problems.

Faulty Parallelism

◆ A grammatical error that occurs when the elements in a sentence or a series of sentences are not parallel or consistent in their form.
◆ Ex: A wedding planner must arrange for
the venue, the flowers, and a person to
take videos.

Structure

➔ Simple Sentences
➔ Compound Sentences
➔ Complex Sentences
➔ Compound- Complex Sentences

Simple Sentences

Single sentence that can stand alone.

Compound Sentences

◆ Independent clause + Independent
clause
◆ Joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Complex Sentences

◆ Independent clause + dependent
clause
◆ Joined by subordinating conjunctions