concentric zone model

Zone of transition

1st zone, industrial area with low income housing immigrants and single workers, high poverty and crime

Worker’s homes

2nd zone, older houses rented by working class families

Zone of better residences

3rd zone, houses owned by middle class families

commuters’ zone

4th zone, upper class suburban living

criticisms

only work isotropic plain, doesn’t apply to small cities, doesn’t apply to cities with historical roots, doesn’t account for gentrification or modern car-centered lifestyle