Transport and Circulation Notes Outline Flashcards

What does the circulatory system facilitate?

the exchange of materials (gas, waste)

What does the circulatory system provide?

internal transport that brings materials close to the cells for diffusion

What are the 3 components of a circulatory system?

fluid, network, and pump

What is the role of fluid in a circulatory system?

materials can be transported or dissolved in it

What is the role of a network of tubes in a circulatory system?

or vascular system, the set of tubes that goes to the entire body excluding the heart

What is the role of a pump in a circulatory system?

needed to drive the fluid

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

open and closed system

What animals have an open system?

mollusks, insects, arthropods

In an open system, is blood contained in tubes?

not always contained in tubes

In an open system, are the vessels open or closed?

vessels are open-ended

In an open system, how does fluid bathes the tissues?

fluid directly bathes the tissues

What animals have a closed system?

earthworms, octopus, vertebrates

In a closed system, is blood contained in tubes?

blood contained in tubes

In a closed system, how does fluid bathes the tissues?

blood is separate from interstitial fluid that bathes tissues

What is the cardiovascular system?

the complete system consisting of the heart (“cardio”) and the vessels (“vascular”)

What is the circulatory system like within a protist?

no circulatory system!

In a protist, how do cells diffuse?

cells are in direct contact with the environment (allows active transport)

How do protists move materials around?

through cytoplasmic streaming (the cytoplasm moves materials around)

What is the circulatory system like within a hydra?

no circulatory system!

In hydra, how are materials distribute within the cavity?

using flagella on the endoderma

What is the process of a drop of blood in a worm’s circulatory system?

collection in the dorsal vessel, this blood is pumped from the aortic arches to the belly side, blood enters the ventral blood vessel (acts as main artery), along the way blood passes through smaller lateral vessels and capillaries, after dropping nutrients and picking up waste the blood is recollectd in the dorsal vessel

Do earthworms have hearts?

yes, 5 pairs of aortic arches (or 5 hearts)

Do protists have hearts or lungs?

no

Do hydra have hearts or lungs?

no

Do earthworms have lungs?

no, they rely on their 5 aortic arches

What is the process of a drop of blood in a fish’s circulatory system?

deoxygenated blood in the veins, collected and moved into the atrium, ventricles pump the deoxygenated blood to the gills where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (gas exchange), newly oxygenated blood in the arteries and distributes blood throughout the body (gas exchange)

What is the color of grasshoppers blood? Why?

colorless blood because it lacks hemoglobin (no gas transport!)

What is the process of a drop of blood in a grasshoppers’s circulatory system?

heart contracts and pushes hemolymph forward and pushes blood forward towards the aorta, hemolyph is released from the aorta and flows across the body, nutrients are delivered and waste is picked up, when the heart relaxes hemolyph returns to the heart

In grasshoppers, how does blood keep moving through spaces?

1. breathing and body movement

2. blood enters heart through openings

3. blood moves slowly because it is not under pressure

What is the heart composed of?

cardiac muscles

What are characteristics of the heart’s cardiac muscles?

1. individual cells with single nucleus

2. cells branch and interlock

3. muscles contract with great force

What is the approximate size of a heart?

a little larger than your fist

Where is the heart located?

behind the sternum, between the lungs and left of center

How many chambers does a heart have?

4 chambers

What chambers are the upper part of the heart?

atria

What chambers are the lower part of the heart?

ventricles

What is the purpose of the septum?

to separate the right and left side and prevents the mix of blood

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

a tough protective membrane over the heart

Where does the pulmonary system carry blood?

between the heart and lungs (exchanges gases)

Where does the systemic system carry blood?

between the heart and the rest of the body (besides the lungs) where it exchanges blood with materials

What are the 3 main branches of the systemic system?

coronary, renal, and hepatic-portal

Where does the coronary system supply blood?

from the heart to the coronary arteries and veins

What is the path of coronary arteries and veins?

coronary arteries branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscles and the coronary veins take the deoxygenated blood

Where does the renal system supply blood?

to the kidneys

How much of blood goes to the kidneys?

¼ of blood goes to kidneys to filter wastes

Where does the hepatic-portal supply blood to?

to the liver

Where does the hepatic-portal pick nutrients (oxygenated blood) up from?

the small intestines

Where are excess nutrients from the hepatic portal processed, stored, or converted?

to the liver (specifically, glucose is converted to glycogen or fat)

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

relaxation and contraction

Is diastolic relaxation or contraction?

relaxation

Is systolic relaxation or contraction?

contraction

Do the ventricles fill or empty during relaxation?

ventricles fill

Do atrioventricular valves open or close during relaxation?

open

What are the atrioventricular valves?

the tricuspid and bicuspid valves that prevent backflow into the atria

What are the semilunar valves?

the aortic and pulmonary valves

Do semilunar valves open or close during relaxation?

close

Do the chamber empty or fill during contraction

emtpy

Do atrioventricular valves open or close during contraction?

close

Do semilunar valves open or close during contraction?

open

What is the sound of lub?

when the atrioventricular valves close (contraction)

What is the sound of dup?

when the semilunar valves close (relaxation)

What is a heart murmur?

a defect in the valve where it doesn’t close properly which results in a backflow of blood

What are the two ways a heart murmur can result in?

present at birth or an untreaded infection (ex. strept throat)

What are some different ways a valve can be replaced?

artificial, human, or pig

What is the sinoatirial (SA) node?

or the “pacemaker” this is a specialized group of muscles in the right atrium which creates an electrical impulse that initiates each heartbeat

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

located in the right atrium near the septum, it holds onto the electrical impulse for about 1/10 of a second to give a delay before the ventricles contract

What is an artificial pacemaker?

an implanted device to aid the SA node

Does the vagus nerves increase or decrease heart rate?

decrease

Does the cardioaccelerator increase or decrease heart rate?

increase

Do hormones (ex. epinephrine) increase or decrease heart rate?

increase

Does body temperature increase or decrease heart rate?

can either increase or decrease

Does caffeine increase or decrease heart rate?

increase

Which way do arteries carry blood?

away from the heart

What are walls of arteries like?

thick and elastic to withstand high pressure

How many layers do arteries have?

3 layers

What are the 3 layers of arteries?

connective, small muscle, and epithelium

In the arteries, what is the level of blood pressure?

high blood pressure (why walls need to stretch)

How many layers do capillaries have?

single layer

What is the key purpose of capillaries

diffusion

In the capillaries, what is the level of blood pressure?

low for diffusion to occur

What is the pre-cap sphincter

a small ring of smooth muscle located at the entrance to capillary beds, acting as a valve to regulate blood flow into tissues

Which way do veins carry blood?

toward the heart

What are walls of veins like?

thin and slightly elastic

How many layers do arteries have?

3 layers

What are the 3 layers of veins?

connective, smooth muscle, and epithelium

What is the order of blood flow through blood vessels?

arteries, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Do veins have valves?

yes

In the veins, what is the level of blood pressure?

nearly zero

In veins, how is blood kept continuously flowing without high blood pressure?

skeletal muscles contract and square along vein and valves prevent backflow

What is blood pressure?

the force blood exerts against the wall of blood vessels

Where does the main force of blood pressure take place

in the arteries from the heart to the capillaries

What is pulse?

rythmic stretching of the arteries cause by pressure of blood in arteries during systole

What is a sphygmomanometer?

a device that measure blood pressure

What is systolic pressure?

pressure within arteries during systole

What is diastolic pressure?

pressure within arteries during diastole

How would blood pressure be written?

systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (ex. 120/80)

What is hypertension?

high blood pressure

Is hypertension symptomatic or asymptomatic?

asymptomatic

How does hypertension affect the likliehood for heart disease/stroke?

increased chance

What are some causes of hypertension?

hereditary components, kidney disease, atherosclerosis