Lect+01+107+2025+Organisation+handout_

The 6 levels of structural organisation

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. System level

6. Organism level

11 Body Systems

1. Cardiovascular System

2. Digestive

3. Endocrine

4. Integumentary System

5. Lymphatic

6. Muscular System

7. Nervous

8. Reproductive

9. Respiratory

10. Skeletal

11. Urinary

Integumentary Levels L&F

Function is protection, temp regulation, sensation

Epidermis - Protects surface & deeper tissues, produces vitamin D

Dermis - Supports & feeds epidermis, has BV, glands, sensory receptors

Hypodermis - Stores fat, attaches skin to deeper layers

Muscular System L&F

Movement, posture, heat production. Has skeletal muscles (axial appendicular)T

Tendons L&F

Fibrous rope connections from muscle to bones for movement and stability

Aponeuroses L&F

Sheet connections mostly muscle to muscle S

Skeletal System = Bones, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, red bone marrow yellow bone marrow L&F

Bones - Store minerals

Axial skeleton - Protects brain, spinal cord, organs

Appendicular skeleton - Enables muscle movement and internal support

Red bone marrow - red cell production

Yellow bone marrow - Fat cell storage

CNS

Acts as control centre Br

Brain

Controls involuntary and voluntary activities

Spinal cord

Relays info to and from brain s

Special Senses

Sensory info to brain regarding smell, taste, sight

PNS

Links CNS to other sense organs & systems

Pineal Gland

Contols day-night rhythms (Melatonin)

Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland

Contols endocrine glands (Regulates growth fluid balance)

Thyroid Gland

Contorls metabolic rate (Thyroxine)

Parathyroid Gland

Controls calcium levels

Thymus F

Maturation of lymphocytes

Adrenal gland

Water & mineral balance, tissue metabolism, respiratory function (adrenaline)

Kidneys

RBC production, BP increase, control calcium levels

Pancreas

Glucose control

Has digestive enzymes, buffer, and endocrine cells

Gonads

Sexual characteristics & reproduction

Endocrine System L&F

Hormone reproduction, metabolism regulation, and homeostasis. Involves glands

Lymphatic Vessels

Transport lymph fluid & lymphocytes to veins

Lymphatic Fluid

Lipid part of the fluid comes from gut, fluid part comes from tissues

B and T cells

Carry out immune responses

Lymph nodes

Stimulate immune responses, filter the lymph to remove pathogens

Spleen

Recycles RBC, produce immune responses, removes pathogens

Thymus

Produces T cell lymphocytes

Lymphatic Capillaries

Absorbs interstitial fluid, carries lymph to lymphatic vessels

Cardiovascular System = Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, veins, Blood L&F

Heart - Moves blood, maintains BP

Arteries - Moves blood from heart to capillaries

Capillaries - Where diffusion occurs between blood and interstitial fluid

Veins - Return blood to heart from capillaries

Blood - Maintains acid base balance, transports nutrients and waste products, regulates temperature.

Respiratory System = Nasal cavity (Paranasalsinuses), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm

Nasal cavity (Paranasal sinuses) - Warms, filters the air

Pharynx - Conducts air to larynx, also transports food and liquids to oesophagus

Larynx - Protects opening to trachea

Trachea - Conducts air (Cartilage holds it open)

Bronchi - Conducts air from trachea to lungs

Lungs - SIte of gas exchange in alveoli, acid-base control

Diaphragm - Muscle for air movement

Oral cavity

Breaks food down with tongue and teeth

Salivary Glands

Acts as lubricants, includes enzymes that start digestionP

Stomach

Secrets, acid, enzymes, hormones

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients, has digestive enzymes, buffers, & hormones

Liver

Secrets bile, regulates nutrients in blood

Gallbladder

Concentrates bile

Large intestine

Waste storage & removal

Urinary System = Kindyes, ureters, bladder, urethrea

Kidneys - Forms & concentrates urine, has endocrine function, effects BV & BP, regulates pH & ions

Ureters - Conducts urine to bladder

Bladder - Stores urine for excretion

Urethra - Excretes urine

Male Reproductive System = Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate glands, penis, scrotum

Testes - Produces sperm

Epididymis - Sperm maturation

Ductus Deferens - Transport sperm from epididymis

Seminal Glands - Produces seminal fluid

Prostate Glands - Produces seminal fluid

Penis - Reproduction, temp regulation

Scrotum - Control testes

Female Reproductive System = Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Ovaries - Produces oocytes & hormones

Uterine tubes - Location of fertilisation, transport oocytes

uterus - Embryonic development

Vagina - Lubrication, sperm reception, birth canal

Mammary glands - For nutrition for new borns (modified sweat gland)