Lect+01+107+2025+Organisation+handout_

Cells and Tissues

• Course Title: BioSci 107

• Year: 2025

• Instructor: Professor Anthony Phillips

Overview of Human Body Organization

• Main Objective:

  • Name and understand the eleven systems of the human body.

  • Identify the four basic tissue types.

Structural Organization of the Human Body

• Six Levels of Structural Organization:

  1. Chemical Level:

     • Atoms (smallest stable units of matter) combine to form molecules.

  2. Cellular Level:

     • Basic structural and functional units (~200 types of cells, e.g. cardiac muscle cells).

  3. Tissue Level:

     • Tissues are groups of cells working together to perform a function.

       • Four major classes: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve.

  4. Organ Level:

     • Organs comprise two or more types of tissues.

       • Example: The heart.

  5. System Level:

     • Related organs form systems with a common function.

       • Example: The cardiovascular system.

  6. Organismal Level:

     • All parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism.

The Eleven Body Systems

• List:

  • Integumentary

  • Muscular

  • Skeletal

  • Nervous

  • Endocrine

  • Lymphatic and Immune

  • Cardiovascular

  • Respiratory

  • Digestive

  • Urinary

  • Reproductive

• Note: Some organs belong to multiple systems, e.g., pancreas in digestive and endocrine systems.

Integumentary System (Skin)

• Organ Structure:

  • Epidermis:

    • Protects the surface and deeper tissues; produces Vitamin D.

  • Dermis:

    • Contains hair follicles, glands, blood vessels and sensory receptors; supports and feeds epidermis.

    • Thermoregulation (sweat glands)

  • Hypodermis:

    • Fat stores; attaches skin to deeper layers.

• Primary Functions:

  • Protection, regulation of temperature, sensation.

Muscular System

• Components:

  • Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular).

  • Tendons: Fibrous-rope connection that attach muscles to bones, allowing for movement and stability.

  • Aponeuroses: Sheet-like connection mostly muscle to muscle

• Functions:

  • Movement, maintenance of posture, and heat production.

Skeletal System

• Components and Function:

  • Bones

• Stores Minerals

  • Axial Skeleton

• Protects brain and spinal cord, organs, soft tissues.

  • Appendicular Skeleton

• Internal support, enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

  • Red Bone Marrow

• red cell production

  • Yellow Bone Marrow

• Storage of fat cells

Nervous System

• Components and Functions:

  • Central Nevrous System (CNS)

• Control Center

  • Brain

• Controls involuntary and voluntary activities

  • Spinal Cord

• Relays info to and from brain

  • Special Senses

• Sensory info to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Links the CNS with other snese organs, and systems

  • Pineal Gland

• Day night rhythms (Melatonin)

  • Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland

• Contorls other endocrine glands (regulates growth fluid balance)

  • Thyrooid Gland

• Metabolic rate (Thyroxine)

  • Parathyroid Gland

• Calcium Levels

  • Thymus

• Maturation of Lymphocytes

  • Adrenal Glands

• Water and Mineral balance, tissue metabloism, respiratory function (Adrenaline)

  • Kidneys

• RBC production, blood pressure increase, calcium levels

  • Pancreas

• Glucose Control

  • Gonads

• Sexual charactersitics and reproduction

Endocrine System

• Components:

  • Glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal).

• Primary Functions:

  • Hormone production; regulation of metabolism, growth, and fluid balance.

Lymphatic System

• Components and Functions:

  • Lymphatic Vessels

• Carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes to heart

  • Lymphatic Fluid

• Lipids come from gut, fluid comes from tissues

  • B and T Cells

• Carry out immune responses

  • Lymph Nodes

• Stimulate immune responses, filter through lymph

  • Spleen

• Recycles RBC, produces immune response, eats pathogens

  • Thymus

• Production of T cell lymphocytes

  • Lymphatic Capilllaries

• Absorbs interstitial fluid, passes lymph to lymphatic vessels

Cardiovascular System

• Components and Functions:

  • Heart

• Moves blood, maintains BP

  • Arteries

• Heart to Capillaries

  • Capillaries

• Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

  • Veins

• Return blood to heart from capillaries

  • Blood

• Acid base balance, nutrient, hormone, oxygen, and carbion dioxide transport, temp regulation,

Respiratory System

• Components and Functions:

  • Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses

• Filters, Warms the air, detect smells

  • Pharynx

• Conducts air to Larynx

  • Larynx

• Protects opening to trachea, vocal cords

  • Trachea

• Conducts air (Cartilage holds it open)

  • Bronchi

• Conducts air between trachea and lungs

  • Lungs

• Acid-base control, Gas exchange in alveoli

  • Diaphragm

• Muscle for air movement

Digestive System

• Components and Functions:

  • Oral Cavity

• Breaks food with Tongue and Teeth

  • Salivary Glands

• Lubricant, has enzymes that start digestion

  • Pharynx

• Transports food and liquids to oesophagus

  • Stomach

• Secretes acid, enzymes, hormones 

  • Small Intestine

• Absorbs nutrients, has digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones

  • Liver

• Secretes bile, regulates nutrients in blood

  • Gallbladder

• Concentrates bile

  • Pancreas

• Digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells

  • Large Intestine

• Waste storage and removal

Urinary System

• Components and Functions:

  • Kidneys

• Has endocrine function, effects BP & BV, regulates pH and ions, forms and concentrates urine

  • Ureters

• Conducts urine to bladder

  • Bladder

• Stores urine prior to excretion

  • Urethra

• Excretes urine

Reproductive System

• Male Reproductive System:

  • Testes

• Produce sperm

  • Accessory Organs

• Epididymis - Sperm Maturation

• Ductus Deferens - Transport sperm from epididmis

• Seminal Glands - Produces Seminal Fluid

• Prostate Gland - Produces Seminal Fluid

  • Penis

• Reproduction, and temp regulation

  • Scrotum

• Controls testes

• Female Reproductive System:

  • Ovaries

• Produces oocytes and hormones

  • Uterine Tubes

• Location of fertilisation, transport oocytes

  • Uterus

• Embryonic development

  • Vagina (ext genetalia)

• Lubrication, sperm reception, brith canal

  • Mammary Glands

• Nutrition for new borns (Modified sweat gland)

Tissue Types

• Four Basic Types:

  1. Epithelial:

     • Covers surfaces and forms glands; functions in protection and secretion.

  2. Connective:

     • Supports and binds other tissues; includes bone and blood.

  3. Muscle:

     • Facilitates movement through contractile cells.

  4. Nervous:

     • Conducts impulses for communication and coordination in the body.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

• EPO is a glycoprotein horomne produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidneys

• Promotes erythropoiesis in bone marrow

• Increases RBC production from increase of Hemocytoblasts, allows lood to carry more oxygen