chapter 15 - treatments

insight therapies

talk therapy very lengthy discussions looking for insight on clients to find the root of the clients difficulties and propose solutions

behavior therapies

altering problematic responses like phobias and maladaptive behaviors like drug use

biomedical

interventions to biological functioning drug therapy and electroconvulsive therapy drug therapy is the dominant mode of therapy only physicians with a medical degree can deal with this

who is most likely to seek treatment

people seek treatmens for all sorts of probkems womens and white people are most likely, ppl who have medical insurance and are educated are also more likely

how many people that seek treatment actually have psychological disorders

50-75%

what are obstacles faced that prevent ppl from getting treatment

shortage of clincians especially in rural areas, stigma: ppl see it as a weakness to ask for help, costs it can be very expensive and isnt often covered by insurance lack of awareness often peope dont know there is help out there for them or how good treatment is, cultural beliefs like your family should support you not a therapist, time constraints ppl feel like they dont have time to worry about that so they would rather not

how important is a degree when selecting a psychologist

the degree someone has is important because it verifies that they are credible and the advice they give you is credible but theres many other things like the connection and trust you feel, their approach to treatment and if you feel like you can actually open up to that person

clinical psychologists

treat disorders specialize in diagnossis and treatment which is very important

counseling psychologiusts

deal more with everyday problems than severe disorders but still focus on treating problems and proposing solutions

psychiatrist

physicians which focus on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, the more time spent on severe disorders the more likely you are to use psychoanalysis then group therapies etc

clinical social worker

insight and behavior therapies helps inpatients return to old life and community

psychiatric nurse

works with inpatients and helps with insight and behavioral therapy

counselor

focus in specific sets of problems like drugs rehav and vocational counseling

marriage and family therapists

generally have a masters degree focusing on marital problems and family dynamics

psychoanalysis

insight therapy, emphasizes recovery of unconscious conflicts motives and defenses

freud

believed the unconscious conflicts often left over from childhood caused later neurotic problems

free association

clients just discuss how they feel with very little sensorship to discover whats happening in their unconscious

dream analysis

look for symbolic meaning of clients dreams

resistance

unconscious densive maneuvers hunders progress of therapy like not opening up etc

transference

clients relate to their therapist and start to make them like someone in their life like a overbearing mother etc.

client centered therapy

insight therapy emphasizes supportive emotional climate the key goal being clarifyiung clients feelings and gradually working towards gaining insights

group therapy

simaltaneous treatment of multiple ppl together make sure they are compatible, work to accept and support each other

couples/marital therapy

treatment of partners in a committed relationship focuses on the relationship issues and how to fix them

family therapy

treatment of family as a unit often comes from child going to therapy and realizing that the problem lies within the whole family

behavior therapies

applicaiton og principles of learning to change the clients maladaptive behaviors like classical and operant learning

systematic desensitization

behavior therapy to reduce clients phobic responses taking the nonanxiety arousing stimulus out of the anxiety arousing situation takes away the phobia over time

exposure therapies

confronted with situations that are feared to realize whatever they are scared of is really not harmful

social skills training

modeling anf shaping clients to be more socially skilled in real world interactions

cognitive behavioral trwatments

changing negative thought patterns to also change the way you behave makes you feel better, combo of verbal interventions and behavioral adjustments

cognitive therapy

strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underly various types of disorders

why was cognitive therapy originally created

to treat depression fixing errors in your thinking like one small thing will change the trajectory of your life

behavior therapies

pretty effective

biomedical therapies

physiological inteventions to reduce symptoms associated with psychologcial disorders

dialectical behavior therapy

specialized form of CBT focuses on regulating emotions and accepting change

flooding

diff from exposure therapy bc its putting someone in there worst nightmare with no buildup

cognitive therapy vs behavioral

cognitive focuses on changing negative and unhealthy patterns of thought to make you feel beter, behavioral modifies observable behaviors using things like operant and classical conditioning helpful for phobias and ocd

cognitive bahvioral

plays with how emotions impact behaviors which is effective for treating a lot of disorders

electroconvulsive shock therapy

biomedical treatment where electric shock triggers brief seizure while unconscious treats depression

antianxiety drugs

reduce tension apprehension and nervousness like valium and xanax often refferrred to as tranquilizers have potentially negative side effects

antidepressants

elevate mood help bring people out of depressive episodes ssris ruptake process at serotonin synapses

mood stabilizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

biological treatments

faster results for more severe symptoms can stabilize someones mood helps them better engage in therapy

psychotherapies

helping people emotionally and addressing the roots of why they feel the way they do

anxiolytics

antianxiety meds used to reduce symptoms like panic and worry benzodinasepines enhance gaba and buspirore and ssris which incr serotonin

antipsychotics

focus on treating psychosis like delusions hallucinations and disorganized patterns of thought block dopamine receptors

do things treat more than one psychopathology

yes like ssris do anxiety and depression this is becasue their symptoms are overlapping,

difference between traditional neuroteptics and atypical antipsychotics

traditional are effective at reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia but not really negative ones , have side effects atypival ones were introduced later and block dopamine and serotonin treat both positivee and negative less violent side effects and can cause weight gain and helps other disorders like bipolkar and dep

positive schizophrenia

additions to natural experiences like hallucinations and elusions added that shouldnt be there

negative symptoms

reduction of regular things like flat affect which is less emotion anhedonia etc

partional agonist

medication or substance with high affinity for binding but not for activation for wotks at a low activation level lower dopamine activity in nucleus accumbens and raises it in frontal lobe, competes with dopamine to take up receptors and then binds to all the empty ones in the frontal lobe to take up the space and balance everything out at once

ppl w scizo

too much dopamine in nucleus accumbens not enough in frontal lobe which is the revised dopamine theory that uses partial agonists, happens bc of pruning at a young age and in early adult hood bc damage is revealed

electrocovulsive therapy conteversy

used to be hurtful bc not always put under for it can be seen as extreme and given involuntarily which means that it is not always seen as positive but it is safe and effective

small theraputic index

very narrow range btwn effective and toxic dose this is a problem with lithium which is used for bipolar disorder have to keep a very close eye on them so that it doesnt quickly become toxic

quickest way to address depressive symptoms

cognitive behavioral therapy challenges both thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression

behavioral activation therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy

treat depression by addressing interpersonal issues and fixing them

challenges involved w accessing treatment

placebo effect, have to use control effects to see whats real and whats not disorders and personal experiences also can alter stuff

spontaneous remission

symptoms of a disorder suddenly completely dissapear and hard to tell treatment when this happens bc we dont know why it does so it cant really br blamed on treamtned

talk therapies pros and cons

help find root of problem not just solve symptoms , long term goals, reduces relapse and no medication side effects, builds ability to cope, have to be willing to be open to see real results

pros and cons of biological treatments

faster relief effective when dealing with severe disorders good for ppl resistant to opening up widely aviailable easier to find andf access then talk therapy side effects can become dependent, stigma, only manages symptoms

fee for service

paying for each individual treatment greater network of providers you can see much more flexible but much more expensive

managed care

insurance companies helps pay but gives you a specific place / provider you are going to not as flexible but reduces chances of redundancy controls amount of sessions you have

deinstitutionalization movement

ppl shouldnt be hid bc of mental probklems should be supported by their communities, increased homeless rates ppl had no where to go werent supported by family, not a total success but had a good idea

revolving door effect

without consistency ppl can easily relapse and come back over and ovr bc they dont have stability

diversity issues

poc lqbtq ppl in rural areas all less access to health care can be seen as a weakness diff across cultures language barriers, discrimination and bias among clinicians effecting treatment

homelessness and mental health

very big tie btwn them 25-40% of all deal with it, ties to substance use and lack of access to care and also less ppl taking care of them and extreme distress they are enduring