BIO 202: Section 1.3-1.4: Negative Feedback Loop and Blood

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34 Terms

1

What is erythrocytes and their primary functions

Red blood cells that carry oxygen around the body using iron-containing protein called hemoglobin

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2

What is the erythrocytes hematocrit value and how does it differ in males and females

Erythrocytes make up 44% of the total blood volume and is typically higher in males (40-50%) than in females (36-44%)

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3

what are distinguishing features of erythrocytes

It has a reddish-pink color, mature erythrocytes lack a nuclei and most organelles, and it is the most numerous blood cells

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4

What are thrombocytes and their functions

Platelets that are just small cellular fragments that is involved in blood clotting.

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5

What percentage of total blood volume does thrombocytes make up and describe its nuclei

Makes up less than 1% of the total blood volume and lack a nuclei and most organelles

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6

What are leukocytes and their functions

White blood cells that play a role in the immune system. There are two subclasses of leukocytes: granulocytes and agranulocytes based on the presence or absence of visible granules in cytoplasm

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7

What is the percentage of total blood volume of leukocytes and the 2 subclasses of leukocytes

Less than 1% of the total blood volume. Two subclasses are granulocytes (contain visible granulocytes when stained) and agranulocytes (lack visible cytoplasmic granules)

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8

What are granulocytes and the three types of granulocytes

Cells containing cytoplasmic granules that are visible when stained. The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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9

What are the two dyes that causes granulocytes to stain differently when treated (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Hematoxylin (dark purple) and eosin (red)

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10

What is the color of neutrophils and how much of total leukocytes are in the blood (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Neutrophils stain a light violet-pink color. They are the most numerous type of leukocyte and make up 60 to 70% of the total leukocytes in the blood

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11

What is another name for neutrophils (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Polymorphonucleocytes

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12

What does the neutrophil nucleus look like (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

They typically have a multilobed nuclei but their nuclei often vary in appearance (which is why they are called polymorphonucleocytes).

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13

What color are eosinophils and how much eosinophils make up the total leukocytes in blood (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Eosinophils interact strongly with the red dye: eosin and their granules stain bright red. They are less numerous than neutrophils and account for 4% of the total leukocytes in the blood

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14

What does eosinophils nucleus look like (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Their nuclei are segmented into lobes and eosinophil's nuclei tend to be bilobed

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15

What is the function of eosinophils (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

They play a role in the immune response to infection with parasitic worms and the allergic response

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16

What color are basophils and how much basophils make up the total leukocytes in blood

Basophils take up a dark purple stain: hematoxylin (its a basic dye) and their granules appear dark blue-purple. They are the least numerous of leukocytes, making up fewer than 1% of the total leukocyte count

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17

What is the function of neutrophils (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Attracted to the site of any cellular injury: they ingest and destroy bacteria

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18

What is the variation in nucleus shape seen in immature neutrophils called (part of granulocytes in leukocytes)

Band cells: the nucleus of a band cell has a single lobe stretched into a U-shape

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19

What does basophils nucleus look like

They tend to have bilobed nuclei but their nucleus are often obscured by their dark granules

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20

What are the two types of agranulocytes

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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21

What is the function of basophils

They are primarily involved in the allergic response

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22

Describe lymphocytes, their color, and nuclei

Lymphocytes tend to be smaller than granulocytes and have a large, spherical nuclei that are surrounded by a rim of light blue-purple cytoplasm

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23

How much of the total leukocyte count does lymphocytes make up

They are the second most numerous type of leukocyte, making up 20 to 25% of the total leukocyte count

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24

What are the two population of lymphocytes and their functions

B lymphocytes: produce proteins called antibodies that bind foreign glycoproteins called antigens. T lymphocytes: enhances other aspects of the immune response, destroying cancer cells, and destroying cells infected with viruses

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25

Describe monocytes and their nucleus

Monocytes are the largest of the leukocytes and have a U-shaped or horshoe-shaped nuclei with light blue or light purple cytoplasm.

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26

How much of the total leukocyte does monocyte account for

They are the third most numerous type of leukocyte, accounting for 3 to 8% of the total

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27

What is the function of monocytes

They exit the blood to mature into cells called macrophages, which are very active phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf or eat bacteria or other foreign cel

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28

What is the stimulus for secretion and some variables that can cause it

Generally a disturbance in the homeostasis of a particular physiologic variable, such as blood pressure, concentration of glucose in blood, and body temperature

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29

What is the hormone’s response when a disturbance in homeostasis happens and there is a stimulus for secretion

To act on distant target cells to cause changes that restore the variable to its normal range

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30

What happens when homeostasis is restored and what is it called

The activity of the glands and concentration of the hormone declines called negative feedback loop

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31

What does negative feedback loop ensure

When a hormone level is high, its secretions remain low. If a hormone’s secretion drops, then a stimulating hormone’s secretion rises, which stimulates an endocrine organ to secrete more hormone

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32

What is an example of negative feedback loop regarding concentration of glucose in the blood falling

Concentration of glucose in the blood falls → the pancreas releases glucagon → the level of the hormone glucagon in the blood rises → the hormone glucagon causes glycogenolysis by the liver → the concentration of glucose in the blood rises → the level of the hormone glucagon in the blood decreases

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33

What are the two main components of whole blood

Plasma: the fluid portion of blood accounting for 55% of the blood volume (consist of water, proteins, other solutes like nutrition and ions)
Formed elements: the cellular portion of blood accounting for 45% of the blood volume (there are three classes: erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes)

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34

What is the three classes of formed elements in blood

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Thrombocytes (platelets), Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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