Bio 2 Lab Final

Taxonomy

using anatomical, functional, and genetic relationships to classify and name organisms

Taxon

any group or rank in a biological classification into which related organisms are classified

Dichotomy

the division into two mutually exclusive, opposed, or contradictory groups

Couplets

two choices in each step of a dichotomous key

Binomial nomenclature

system in which the latin names for individual species are written

Phylogenetic tree

branching diagram or tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Clade

group of taxa that share the same common ancestor

Character table

determine in which lineage a character first appeared

In-group

taxa of interest

Out-group

taxon that diverged early on in the lineage and will not have shared characteristics with in groups

Rooted phylogenetic tree

all taxa descend from one ancestor lineage

Polytomy

branch point with more than two descendants

Theory of maximum parsimony

states that the polygenetic tree should be drawn with the fewest evolutionary events

Basic characteristics of bacteria

naming is partly based on cell shape

small in size

no membrane-bound organelles

unicellular

Bacillus subtilius

gram positive bacillus

E coli

gram negative bacillus

Staphylococcus epidermis

gram positive coccus

A bacteria stains gram positive if

It has a lot of peptidoglycan

Crystal violet is used for…

primary stain

When gram staining iodine is used for…

locking in the purple, fixant

When gram staining acetone alcohol is used for…

removes purple from some cells

When gram staining safranin is used as a…

counterstain

What are basic characteristics of fungi?

Non-mobile, non-photosynthetic, cell walls made of chitin

Phylum Oomycota

ex) water mild, saprolegnia

Repro structure: oogonium

Spore: oospore

Protists

Zygomycota

ex) Rhizopus

asexual repro structure: sporangiophore

asexual Spore: sporangiospore

sexual repro structure: sporangium

sexual spore: zygospore

Phylum Basidiomycota

ex) Coprinus

repro structure: basidiocarp

spore: basidiospore

Phylum Ascomycota

ex) Peziza

repro structure: ascocarp

spore: ascospore

Ascomycota

Phylum Ascomycota “Imperfect Fungi”

ex) Aspergillus

repro structure: condidiophore

spore: conidia

Phylum Ascomycota “Imperfect Fungi”

ex) Penicillium

repro structure: condidiophore

spore: conidia

Lichen

mutualistic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic (algal) organisms

Phylum Ascomycota

ex) yeast

Yeast reproduce asexually by budding. Yeast also reproduce sexually by forming an ascus and eight ascospores.

Monocot characteristics

flowering parts in groups of 3

leaves are long and tappered (parallel veins)

1 cotyledon

Dicot characteristics

flowering parts in groups of 4-5

leaves have branched veins

2 cotyledons

Hyphae

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium

Mycelium

mesh-like feeding body made of hyphae

Rhizoids

specialized root-like hyphae which anchor the fungi into its substrate

dermal tissue cells and functions

covers and protects plant

constructed of dermal cells, sclerenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells

ground tissue cells and functions

responsible for wood repair, photosynthesis, and storage of foood

constructed of parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells

vascular tissue cells and functions

transports water and food throughout entire plant

divided into xylem and phloem

xylem: transports water and minerals. contains tracheids and vessel elements

phloem: transports food. contains sieve tube cells and companion cells

Parenchyma appearance and functions

large, thin cell walls

performs photosynthesis and storage of sugars

Sclerenchyma appearance and functions

uniformly thick cell walls

provides support to the plant, contains lignin and is fully functional when dead

Collenchyma appearance and functions

unevenly thick and thin cell walls

provides mechanical reinforcement to the plant

Stem functions

provide strength and structure, contains vascular system for roots to reach leaves

Leaf functions

specialized for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and moisture loss

Root functions

have root apex, which is the site of primary growth, absorb water and nutrients from soil

Monocot root

Dicot root

Monocot stem

Dicot stem

Monocot leaf

Dicot leaf

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What is the function of epithelial tissue?

It covers, lines, and protects organs, organ systems, and organism

3 major layer patterns of epithelial tissue

Squamous, stratified, psuedostratified

3 major cell shapes of epithelial cells

Simple, cuboidal, columnar

Stratified squamous

epidermis of skin

Simple cuboidal

lining of kidney tubule

Simple columnar

Stratified columnar

What two features are used to name epithelial cells

Layer and cell shape

Define connective tissue

consists of a few living cells in a non-living cellular matrix

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Loose CT and Dense CT

Adipose LCT

Adipocytes - filled with lipids

Areolar LCT

fibroblast in a protein matrix \[collagen, elastin\], connects & binds structures

What are the thick bands in Areolar LCT?

Collagen

What are the thin bands in Areolar LCT?

Elastin

Dense Connective Tissue functions, cells, and matrix componets

fibroblasts in a protein matrix \[collagen, elastin, reticulum\], binds and connects, more structural

Areolar LCT

Adipose LCT

Skeletal muscle tissue

parallel striated

multi nuclei per cell

voluntary

Skeletal muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Branched striated

1 nuclei per cell

involuntary

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Spindle shape, non striated

1 nuclei per cell

involuntary

Smooth muscle tissue

Blood connective tissue functions, cells, and matrix components

cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

in a liquid matrix - plasma

Blood connective tissue

Cartilage connective tissue functions, cells, and matrix components

cells: chondrocytes inside lacunae

in a protein matrix - collagen

Cartilage connective tissue

Bone connective tissue functions, cells, and matrix components

cells: osteocytes inside lacunae

in a mineral matrix - CaPO4

Bone connective tissue

What are the 2 main divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial and appendicular

What are the 2 girdles in the appendicular division?

Pectoral and pelvis

What bones belong to the axial division?

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, maxilla, mandible, ribs, sternum, cervical, thoracic, lumbar

What bones belong to the appendicular division, pectoral girdle?

Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpels, clavicles, metacarpels, phalanges

What bones belong to the appendicular division, pelvis girdle?

pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

frontal bone - axial

temporal bone - axial

occipital bone - axial

mandible bone - axial

maxilla bone - axial

cervical bone - axial

thoracic bone - axial

lumbar bone - axial

ribs - axial

sternum bone - axial

scapula - appendicular, pectoral girdle

humerus bone - appendicular, pectoral girdle

radius bone - appendicular, pectoral girdle

ulna bone - appendicular, pectoral girdle