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germinal stage
(0-2 weeks after conception)
Fertilization: sperm + egg → zygote
Zygote travels to the uterus
Implantation: zygote attaches to the uterine wall
embryotic stage
(3-8 weeks)
Embryo: a developing organism inside the amniotic sac
The placenta exchanges nutrients and waste between the mother and the embryo
Major organs begin to develop
Neural tube forms → develops into the nervous system
fetal stage
(9 weeks → birth)
By about 12 weeks, all major organ systems are formed
Around 24 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus approaches the age of viability (can potentially survive outside the womb) with medical help
Premature infants have a higher risk of health and developmental problems
spina bifida
a birth defect in which the spine and spinal cord don’t develop properly during early pregnancy
teratogen
any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the sudden and unexplained death of infants that usually occurs when they are asleep in their cribs
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
caused by maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy and is a leading cause of intellectual disability (low IQ)
reflex
an unlearned, automatic response to a stimulus, has important survival value