Revolutions Test (Vocab, Enlightenment Ideas, and Philosophers)

Test Friday 1/9

Philosophe

French thinkers who agreed with enlightenment Ideas and helped people understand them

Salon

social gatherings where people discussed enlightenment ideas

Natural Rights

Rights people are born with, life, liberty, and property

SOcial contract

an agreement where people give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order

John Locke

Thought that everyone’s natural rights (life, liberty, and property) should be protected and a government leader can be overthrown if fails to do so. He advocated for self-government/democracy because he believed people were naturally good and resonable

Thomas Hobbes

people need a strong government and he supported an absolute monarchy. thought people were naturally selfish and wicked

Baron de Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers/checks and balances, to prevent tyranny

Voltaire

Advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and tolerance

Mary Wollstonecraft

argued that women deserved equal rights. wanted women to enter male dominated fields.

Cesare Beccaria

Opposed torture and the death penalty and supported fair laws and due process. Rights of those accused of crimes such as a right to a fair trial and no cruel or unusual punishments.

Causes of the English (glorious) revolution

• King James II ruled as an absolute monarch

• He was Catholic in a protestant country

• Ignored Parliament and limited rights

Effects of the English (glorious) Revolution

• strengthened Parliament

• Limited monarch’s power

• established constitutional monarchy

English Bill of Rights

Guaranteed rights such as free speech in Parliament, fair trials, and no taxation without Parliaments consent

William and Mary

Protestant rulers invited by Parliament to rule England under the Bill of Rights

James II

Overthrown king whose actions led to the Glorious Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution

• Heavy taxation of the third estate

• Enlightenment ideas

• Economic crisis and food shortages

• Absolute monarchy

Effects of the French Revolution

• End of monarchy

• Rise of Napoleon

• Spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe

Old Regime

France’s traditional social and political system before the revolution

Bourgeoisie

Middle class (merchants, professionals) who pushed for political change

3 Estate Classes

• First estate - clergy

• Second estate - nobility

• Third estate - everyone else (doctors, lawyers, and peasants)

Tennis Court Oath

Third estate vowed not to disband until they had a constitution

Storming of the bastille

First attack on the royal authority. start of the French revolution. took the arms from the bastille

declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

Document agrees on the rights of the citizen. Liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty

Reign of Terror

period of mass execution during the french revolution, publicly killing anyone against the revolution

Maximilien robespierre

leader of the reign of terror. believed violence was necessary for any change

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who took power and became emperor after the french revolution

Napoleonic code

legal reforms ensuring equality before the law, property rights,and religious freedom (but limited womens rights)

peninsular war

war in Spain and Portugal that weakened Napoleon

continental system

Napoleon's attempt to weaken Britain by blocking trade

causes of the Haitian revolution

• Brutal slavery

• Enlightenment ideas

• Influence of the French Revolution

effects of the Haitian revolution

• Abolition of slavery

• Haiti became the first independent Black republic

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the slave revolt and haitian revolution

Haitian Constitution

Abolished slavery and declared all citizens equal

Peninsulares

*people of the peninsula. 

Ruling colonies born in Spain 

Creoles

Born in the Americas but completely spanish

Mestizos

Half native half spanish

Mulattos

Half european and half african

Peninsular War (role of Napoleon in Haitian and Latin American Revolutions)

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain weakened Spanish control, allowing Latin American colonies to go after their independence.

claim for causes/outcomes

Enlightenment I was to monarchs ends, economic hardships-government reforming to focus on lower class/poverty and social inequality to new rights

Evidence #1 common causes/outcome

social inequality to new rights

Haitian revolution - slaves having very few rights, slavery was then abolished after the revolution

French Revolution - 3rd estate had the highest population but only one vote, members of the third estate gained rights to liberty, property, and freedom of speech

Evidence #2 causes/outcomes

enlightenment to monarchs ending

english revolution - king James II ruled and ignored parliament, Baron de Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers to prevent tyranny. after rev they made a bill of rights to limit the absolute monarchy

Haitian revolution - slaves were not given equal rights, John Locke argued that you can overthrow a ruler if doesn’t protect natural rights (life, liberty, and property). slaves were able to get equal rights after the rev

Evidence #3 causes and outcome

economic hardships to governments reforming to address poverty

French revolution - third estate led revolution because of unfair prices of food and little amount of money. they were able to change the monarchy to afford the goods

english & Haitian - had barely enough money to live. had to pay more taxes than higher social class members

claim for enlightenment most impactful

Natural rights by John lock and separation of powers to prevent tyranny by Baron de Montesquieu

evidence #1 enlightenment most impactful ideas

natural rights by John locke

advocated for them (life, liberty, property), can overthrow ruler if fails to protect those rights. Haitian revolution - slaves didn’t have those rights and they overthrew their ruler to protect them

evidence #2 enlightenment most imactful

separation of powers to prevent tyranny

wanted to include checks and balances in the government. English Revolution - fought against the absolute monarch King James II because his power went unchecked and he ignored the Parliament