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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Recall
The process of bringing information from stored memories into conscious awareness.
Recognition
The ability to notice something that has been learned previously.
Relearning
The process of learning something for the second time.
Sensory memory
The stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for a few seconds.
Iconic memory
An immediate, brief memory of a visual image that lasts no more than half a second.
Echoic memory
The brief sensory memory of audible sounds.
Short-term memory
Stored differently than long-term memories, holds quick observations for 10-30 seconds.
Long-term memory
Stores material organized according to meaning and lasts for long periods of time.
Explicit memories
Memories that you try to remember.
Implicit memory
Memories that you get without trying to remember.
Effortful processing
The process of consciously and actively encoding information.
Automatic processing
The unconscious encoding of information.
Spacing effect
The phenomenon where information is better retained when it is studied or practiced over a longer period of time.
Testing effect
The phenomenon where memory is enhanced through the act of retrieving information.
Flashbulb memory
A vivid memory of something significant.
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories after a specific event.
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to recall memories that were formed before a specific event.
Storage decay
The fading or weakening of memories over time.
Retrieval failure
The inability to retrieve information from memory.
Interference
The disruption of memory caused by the presence of competing information.
Motivated forgetting
The intentional forgetting of memories.
Memory construction errors
Errors that occur when memories are reconstructed or distorted.
Source amnesia
The inability to remember where or how a memory was acquired.
True memories
Memories that accurately reflect past events.
False memories
Memories that are distorted or fabricated.
Concept
A mental grouping of similar things.
Prototype
The best example of a concept.
Convergent thinking
Thinking that aims to find a single correct answer.
Divergent thinking
Creative thinking that allows for multiple correct answers.
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within oneself.
Creative environment
An environment that fosters and encourages creativity.
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used to solve problems.
Insight
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem.
Halo effect
The tendency to overgeneralize positive traits based on one characteristic.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs or values.
Phonemes
The smallest distinctive sound units in a language.
Morphemes
The smallest language units that carry meaning.
Grammar
A set of rules that enable people to communicate in a language.
Aphasia
Impairment in the language area, usually caused by damage to specific brain areas.
Critical period
A specific time period during which it is easiest to learn new things.
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt.
G Factor
A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.
Factor analysis
A statistical technique used to identify related variables or factors.
Howard Gardner's 8 Intelligences
Visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, logical-mathematical, body-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic.
Savant syndrome
A condition in which individuals with developmental disorders have exceptional abilities in specific areas.
Sternberg's Three Intelligences
Analytical, creative, practical.
Creative
The ability to come up with new ideas
Practical
The ability to get along in different contexts
Emotional Intelligence
Perceiving, Understanding, Managing, Using Emotions
Mental Age
A measure of intelligence developed by Binet and Simon to improve children's education
Lewis Terman
Creator of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test
IQ
Intelligence quotient, a measure of intelligence
Achievement Tests
Tests designed to assess knowledge and skills in a specific subject
Aptitude Tests
Tests designed to assess a person's ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge
Standardization
The process of using a representative sample to establish norms for a test
Cross-Sectional Evidence
Data collected at a single point in time from individuals of different ages for comparison and analysis
Longitudinal Evidence
Data collected from the same individuals or groups over an extended period to observe changes over time
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and skills gained through experience and education
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