Cell Transport Unit - Honors Biology Grade 9

What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

maintain high concentration of material in cell, keep harmful materials out, control movement in and out of cell, let the cell sense its environment

What is the term for allowing only certain substances to enter or leave the cell?

selectively permeable

What are the 6 protein types in the cell?

integral, structural, peripheral, recognition, marker, enzyme

What is the job of the integral protein?

stretches through 2 layers and can form channel

What is the job of the structural protein?

structure, shape, and form

What is the job of the peripheral protein?

attach to structural proteins and help cell to cell binding

Where is the peripheral protein in relation to the cell when attached to structural proteins?

inside of cell

Where is the peripheral protein in relation to the cell when helping cell to cell binding?

outside of cell

What is the job of the recognition proteins?

recognize marker proteins

What is the job of the marker proteins?

identify the cell

What is the job of enzyme proteins?

acts as an enzyme to speed up reactions

What does all cellular transport require?

concentration gradient

What is concentration gradient?

high and low concentration

What does diffusion require?

concentration gradient (high -> low)

What lets small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules squeeze through a membrane?

simple diffusion

What do protein pumps require?

ATP energy

What type of transport is exocytosis and endocytosis?

bulk transport (active transport)

How many phosphate groups does ATP molecules have?

3

How many phosphate groups does ADP molecules have?

2

How many phosphate groups does AMP molecules have?

1

Where is energy stored in ATP and ADP?

in the bond between the last two phosphate groups

How is energy created from ATP and ADP?

energy is created when the bonds between the phosphate groups break

What does ATP turn into after energy is created?

ADP

What does ADP turn into after energy is created?

AMP

What does ADP turn into when another phosphate group attaches to the second phosphate group?

ATP

What kind of protein pumps are there?

uniport, symport, antiport

What is the protein pump called when one molecule is transported into one direction?

uniport

What is the protein pump called when two molecules are transported into one direction?

symport

What is the protein pump called when two molecules are transported into different directions?

antiport

What is a molecule that opens up a channel called?

ligand

What do ATP and ADP act as when they attach to a protein and release energy to move the molecule through the protein?

ligand

What does sodium potassium pumps contain?

voltage gradient

____ ___ couples with ____ and helps it come inside of a cell

sodium ion/sugar

What are the two types of endocytosis?

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

What is taking in solids?

phagocytosis

What is taking in liquids?

pinocytosis

What does endocytosis form inside the cell?

vacuole

What forces material out of the cell in bulk?

exocytosis

What is the ability to move water across a cell membrane called?

tonicity

What is it called when water is absorbed and the cell bursts? (animal cells)

cytolysis

What is the environment called where it is 10% salt and 90% water on the outside and 90% salt and 10% water inside of the cell? (animal cells)

hypotonic solution

What is it called when the cell stays the same because of the balance of salt and water inside and outside of the cell? (animal cells)

dynamic equilibrium

What is the environment called where it is 50% salt and 50% water inside and outside of the cell? (animal cells)

isotonic solution

What is it called when the cell loses water and shrinks? (animal cells)

plasmolysis

What is the environment called where there is 90% salt and 10% water outside of the cell and 10% salt and 90% water inside of the cell?

hypertonic solution

What is it called when water is absorbed and the cell expands? (plant cells)

turgid

What is it called when the cell stays the same? (plant cells)

flaccid

What is it called when water leaves the cell and it shrinks? (plant cells)

plasmolyzed

What is the pressure on the cell wall due to its expansion called?

turgor/osmotic pressure

Cell wall prevents cell from ____

bursting

What else is simple diffusion known as?

passive transport

What does passive transport not need?

energy

In simple diffusion molecules travel with the ____ from ____ to ____ concentration

concentration gradient/high/low

When may a cell need to perform endocytosis?

when taking in a polysaccharide

When may a cell need to perform exocytosis?

when getting a polysaccharide out of the cell to help repair or build the cell wall

What are the protein channels called that help water travel?

aquaporins

____ are traveling through a cell membrane with the ____

charged ions/concentration gradient

What do cells use to expend energy needed for transport?

ionic channels

What happens by diffusion across a membrane wen gases are dissolved in water?

gas exchange in water

The more the surface area the ____

faster the exchange

What environment are humans in?

hypertonic

What do some land-dwelling organisms not have?

gas-exchanging organs

What do land-dwelling organisms without gas-exchanging organs use for gas exchange?

skin

Where does air enter the body?

spiracle

What do lungs minimize?

the effect of drying out

The concentration of what molecules is not great in the lungs?

O2 and CO2

What is another word for windpipe?

trachea

What is another word for voice-box?

larynx

What is located inside the larynx?

vocal chords

What are alveoli located at the end of?

bronchioles

What are the two tubes connecting to the trachea?

bronchii

Where do the wind pipe and the food pipe meet?

pharynx

What are alveoli covered in?

capillaries

Higher ____ and lower ____ in alveoli but higher CO2 and lower O2 in blood so they ____

O2/CO2/diffuse

left (blue) tube is ____ and right (red) tube is ____

small vein/small artery

What is the muscle in the respiratory system that humans cannot control?

diaphragm

What is the diaphragm made of?

tissue

What is the shoulder to head region called?

head region

hat is the shoulder to ribcage region called?

thorax region

What is the ribcage to waste region called?

abdominal region

What are the body parts that are not necessary for survival called?

appendages

What must be removed (through urinary system)?

excess salt and CO2

What is the removal of salt and CO2 necessary for?

homeostasis

What is the sum/average of all of the reaction that happen in the body called?

metabolism

What does metabolism produce?

toxic nitrogen waste (NH3)

What has high solubility and is toxic nitrogen waste? (animals and algae)

ammonia

What has high solubility and is toxic nitrogen waste? (mammals and fish)

urea

What has low solubility and is a nontoxic form of nitrogenous waste? (birds and reptiles)

uric acid

What filters blood?

kidney

What is on the left?

renal vein

What is on the right?

renal artery

What stores waste?

urinary bladder

What gets rid of waste?

urethra

What is the "strainer" of the urinary system, millions of which are located in the renal medulla, and can also be called the uriniferous tubule?

nephron

What type of transport is nephron function?

passive

What is it called when blood is under high pressure in the glomerulus and therefore filters out all waste, water, and some essential molecules and this filtrate is collected in the bowman's capsule?

ultra filtration

What two parts of the nephron are present during ultra filtration?

bowman's capsule and glomerulus

What is it called when the filtrate moves through the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle, water and essential molecules which are higher in concentration, move from the tube to the surrounding blood vessels?

selective reabsorption

What two nephron parts are present during the selective reabsorption?

loop of Henle and proximal convoluted tubule

What keeps the trachea from collapsing?

cartilage rings