Studied by 51 peopleWhat are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?
maintain high concentration of material in cell, keep harmful materials out, control movement in and out of cell, let the cell sense its environment
What is the term for allowing only certain substances to enter or leave the cell?
selectively permeable
What are the 6 protein types in the cell?
integral, structural, peripheral, recognition, marker, enzyme
What is the job of the integral protein?
stretches through 2 layers and can form channel
What is the job of the structural protein?
structure, shape, and form
What is the job of the peripheral protein?
attach to structural proteins and help cell to cell binding
Where is the peripheral protein in relation to the cell when attached to structural proteins?
inside of cell
Where is the peripheral protein in relation to the cell when helping cell to cell binding?
outside of cell
What is the job of the recognition proteins?
recognize marker proteins
What is the job of the marker proteins?
identify the cell
What is the job of enzyme proteins?
acts as an enzyme to speed up reactions
What does all cellular transport require?
concentration gradient
What is concentration gradient?
high and low concentration
What does diffusion require?
concentration gradient (high -> low)
What lets small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules squeeze through a membrane?
simple diffusion
What do protein pumps require?
ATP energy
What type of transport is exocytosis and endocytosis?
bulk transport (active transport)
How many phosphate groups does ATP molecules have?
3
How many phosphate groups does ADP molecules have?
2
How many phosphate groups does AMP molecules have?
1
Where is energy stored in ATP and ADP?
in the bond between the last two phosphate groups
How is energy created from ATP and ADP?
energy is created when the bonds between the phosphate groups break
What does ATP turn into after energy is created?
ADP
What does ADP turn into after energy is created?
AMP
What does ADP turn into when another phosphate group attaches to the second phosphate group?
ATP
What kind of protein pumps are there?
uniport, symport, antiport
What is the protein pump called when one molecule is transported into one direction?
uniport
What is the protein pump called when two molecules are transported into one direction?
symport
What is the protein pump called when two molecules are transported into different directions?
antiport
What is a molecule that opens up a channel called?
ligand
What do ATP and ADP act as when they attach to a protein and release energy to move the molecule through the protein?
ligand
What does sodium potassium pumps contain?
voltage gradient
____ ___ couples with ____ and helps it come inside of a cell
sodium ion/sugar
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
What is taking in solids?
phagocytosis
What is taking in liquids?
pinocytosis
What does endocytosis form inside the cell?
vacuole
What forces material out of the cell in bulk?
exocytosis
What is the ability to move water across a cell membrane called?
tonicity
What is it called when water is absorbed and the cell bursts? (animal cells)
cytolysis
What is the environment called where it is 10% salt and 90% water on the outside and 90% salt and 10% water inside of the cell? (animal cells)
hypotonic solution
What is it called when the cell stays the same because of the balance of salt and water inside and outside of the cell? (animal cells)
dynamic equilibrium
What is the environment called where it is 50% salt and 50% water inside and outside of the cell? (animal cells)
isotonic solution
What is it called when the cell loses water and shrinks? (animal cells)
plasmolysis
What is the environment called where there is 90% salt and 10% water outside of the cell and 10% salt and 90% water inside of the cell?
hypertonic solution
What is it called when water is absorbed and the cell expands? (plant cells)
turgid
What is it called when the cell stays the same? (plant cells)
flaccid
What is it called when water leaves the cell and it shrinks? (plant cells)
plasmolyzed
What is the pressure on the cell wall due to its expansion called?
turgor/osmotic pressure
Cell wall prevents cell from ____
bursting
What else is simple diffusion known as?
passive transport
What does passive transport not need?
energy
In simple diffusion molecules travel with the ____ from ____ to ____ concentration
concentration gradient/high/low
When may a cell need to perform endocytosis?
when taking in a polysaccharide
When may a cell need to perform exocytosis?
when getting a polysaccharide out of the cell to help repair or build the cell wall
What are the protein channels called that help water travel?
aquaporins
____ are traveling through a cell membrane with the ____
charged ions/concentration gradient
What do cells use to expend energy needed for transport?
ionic channels
What happens by diffusion across a membrane wen gases are dissolved in water?
gas exchange in water
The more the surface area the ____
faster the exchange
What environment are humans in?
hypertonic
What do some land-dwelling organisms not have?
gas-exchanging organs
What do land-dwelling organisms without gas-exchanging organs use for gas exchange?
skin
Where does air enter the body?
spiracle
What do lungs minimize?
the effect of drying out
The concentration of what molecules is not great in the lungs?
O2 and CO2
What is another word for windpipe?
trachea
What is another word for voice-box?
larynx
What is located inside the larynx?
vocal chords
What are alveoli located at the end of?
bronchioles
What are the two tubes connecting to the trachea?
bronchii
Where do the wind pipe and the food pipe meet?
pharynx
What are alveoli covered in?
capillaries
Higher ____ and lower ____ in alveoli but higher CO2 and lower O2 in blood so they ____
O2/CO2/diffuse
left (blue) tube is ____ and right (red) tube is ____
small vein/small artery
What is the muscle in the respiratory system that humans cannot control?
diaphragm
What is the diaphragm made of?
tissue
What is the shoulder to head region called?
head region
hat is the shoulder to ribcage region called?
thorax region
What is the ribcage to waste region called?
abdominal region
What are the body parts that are not necessary for survival called?
appendages
What must be removed (through urinary system)?
excess salt and CO2
What is the removal of salt and CO2 necessary for?
homeostasis
What is the sum/average of all of the reaction that happen in the body called?
metabolism
What does metabolism produce?
toxic nitrogen waste (NH3)
What has high solubility and is toxic nitrogen waste? (animals and algae)
ammonia
What has high solubility and is toxic nitrogen waste? (mammals and fish)
urea
What has low solubility and is a nontoxic form of nitrogenous waste? (birds and reptiles)
uric acid
What filters blood?
kidney
What is on the left?
renal vein
What is on the right?
renal artery
What stores waste?
urinary bladder
What gets rid of waste?
urethra
What is the "strainer" of the urinary system, millions of which are located in the renal medulla, and can also be called the uriniferous tubule?
nephron
What type of transport is nephron function?
passive
What is it called when blood is under high pressure in the glomerulus and therefore filters out all waste, water, and some essential molecules and this filtrate is collected in the bowman's capsule?
ultra filtration
What two parts of the nephron are present during ultra filtration?
bowman's capsule and glomerulus
What is it called when the filtrate moves through the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle, water and essential molecules which are higher in concentration, move from the tube to the surrounding blood vessels?
selective reabsorption
What two nephron parts are present during the selective reabsorption?
loop of Henle and proximal convoluted tubule
What keeps the trachea from collapsing?
cartilage rings
Note
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