Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Weight Management in Health and Disease

What are the components of daily energy expenditure?

Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and thermoregulation.

How much of total daily energy expenditure is accounted for by skeletal muscle during physical activity?

15-30%.

What is the thermic effect of food?

The increase in energy expenditure associated with the body's processing of food.

Which macronutrient has the greatest thermic effect?

Protein, increasing energy expenditure by 20-30%.

What is direct calorimetry?

A method that directly measures body heat loss to determine energy expenditure.

What is indirect calorimetry?

A method that calculates heat release by measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide expiration.

What factors influence energy balance and body weight?

Diet, physical activity, social and behavioral factors.

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m²).

What BMI range is considered a healthy weight for adults?

BMI between the 5th and 85th percentiles.

What is the significance of waist circumference in evaluating body fatness?

It is used in addition to BMI to assess obesity and associated health risks.

What are some field methods for measuring body composition?

Skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectrical impedance.

What is densitometry?

A laboratory method for measuring body composition through underwater weighing.

What is the BOD POD used for?

It measures body composition by assessing changes in pressure caused by body volume.

What is DEXA and what is it used for?

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, considered the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis and osteopenia.

What is metabolic syndrome?

A group of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, including central obesity and insulin resistance.

What are the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome regarding waist circumference?

≥ 102 cm (40 in) for men and ≥ 88 cm (35 in) for women.

What is the role of leptin in body weight regulation?

Leptin is a hormone that reduces hunger by interacting with the hypothalamus.

How does insulin affect hunger?

Insulin suppresses hunger by acting on orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons.

What is ghrelin and its role in appetite?

Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and stimulates hunger.

What changes occur in intestinal microbiota with obesity?

Altered microbiota with more Firmicutes and fewer Bacteroidetes.

What eating disorders are mentioned in the notes?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (NOS).

What is the female athlete triad?

A condition involving disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis in female athletes.

What is the importance of behavior modification in weight loss?

Intensity of behavior modification is more important than macronutrient composition for achieving weight loss.

What is the relationship between body fat and health?

Higher body fat is associated with increased health risks, including metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.