cell organisation

Identify the structures labelled

Describe the sequence of events involved in the production and secretion of enzymes

mRNA produced by transcription leaves nucleus through nuclear pores

Protein synthesis on ribosomes

Vesicles containing protein pinch off rough ER and fuse with the Golgi body

Protein is modifiers in the Golgi body

Secretory vesicles pinch off Golgi body and transport enzyme to cell membrane

Vesicles containing enzyme fuse with the cell membrane and enzyme is released outside cell by exocytosis

Name of organelle and function In enzyme secretion

Mitochondria, produces ATP, ATP is a source of energy for exocytosis

Suggest and explain how mitochondria is able to self replicate

Mitochondria contain their own DNA

Mitochondria have ribosomes and can synthesise their own proteins

DNA can be replicated so both new organelles have copy of DNA

Importance of inorganic ions in living orgs

Mg - component of chlorophyll, essential for PT

Fe- component of Harmoglobin

Ca- strengthens bones and teeth

PO4 - phospholipids, ATP , nucleus acids of DNA, RNA

State which other part of the virus is made of proteins

Capsize/ protein coat

Function of ciliated epethial muscles

Moves mucus

Function of skeletal muscles

Movement/ locomotion/ contract

Function of nuclear pores

Allows mRNA/rRNA/ ribosomes to pass out of the nucleus

Function of nucleolus

synthesis of ribosomes

Function of chromatin

Condenses to form chromosomes/ involved in code for protein synthesis

nuclear envelope

separates DNA from rest of cellular contents/ holds DNA

Functions of the Golgi body

Modification of proteins - addition of sugar chains

Produces glycoproteins

Transport/ storage of lipids/ digestive enzymes

Synthesis of secretory vesicles/ lysosomes

Difference in the arrangement of DNA between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Circular/ no chromosomes in prok

DNA forms chromosomes in eukaryotic

Difference in the position of the DNA between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

In prok it is free in cytoplasm

In eukaryotic it is in the nucleus/ bound by membrane

Explain the role of the Golgi body in the production of proteins

joining of PP into quarternary structure

Addition of carbohydrates/ glycosylation/ produce glycoproteins

Packaged into vesicles

Differences in the composition of the cell wall if present in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

In prok it is made of murein peptidoglycan

In euk it is made of cellulose

Size of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prok: small/ 70s

Euk: large 80s

decribe the sequence of events that lead to the production of digestive enzymes in the cell with reference to nucleus, nuclear pores and ribosomes

nucleus contains DNA which codes for the production of proteins/ polypeptides, transcription of mRNA

Nuclear pores allow mRNA/ rRNA to leave the nucleus

Ribosomes carry out translation

with reference to RER, GB and transport vesicle describe the sequence of events that lead to the secretion of digestive enzymes in the cell

RER→ transports proteins through the cell to GB , package proteins into vesicles

GB→ packaging/ modification of protein

transport vesicle: transports proteins to the cell membrane where exocytosis of enzyme from the cell happens

Explain the role of mitochondria in the production and secretion of enzymes

Provides ATP for transcription/ translation/ protein synthesis

exocytosis

Explain why this org has been classified as an animal and a plant at different times

Chloroplast/ cellulose cell wall/ attach grains= plant

Flagellum/ small vacuoles/ eyespot = animal

Name the organelle responsible for producing lysosome and identify it in the electron micrograph and describe the general function of it

GB, contains digestive enzymes which break down (organelles/ macromolecules) OR transport / release of enzymes within cell

Name the epethelilal tissue type drawn

Where is the epithelial tissue type found in the body

Cuboidal→ proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney nephron

Ciliated → trachea/ oviduct/ fallopian tube

name the structures and organelles shown in the electron micrograph

Function of the nucleus

Contains DNA which codes for/ controls protein synthesis

DNA synthesis/ replication

Function of the nuclear pores

Transports mRNA/ rRNA

Function of nucleolus

Produces rRNA

Nucleus has pores in the envelope that surrounds is whilst mitochondria doesn’t describe another difference between membranes that surround mitochondria and those that surround the nucleus

Inner membrane is folded to form cristae and there are no ribosomes attached for mitochondria

For nucleus there is no folding of inner membrane, no cristae and there are rise ones attached to the membrane must be comparative

Difference between ribosomes in animal cells and those in prok cells

Ribosomes are not attached to membranes / ER in prok whilst some are in animal cells

Ribosomes are larger/ 80S in animal cells than PRO 70S

Identity in photograph and Describe function of mitochondria

Produced ATP in aerobic respiration, ATP synthesis

identify in photogrpah the GB and state it’s function

Modification of proteins (addition of sugar chains)

Produces glycoproteins

Synthesis of secretory vesicles/ lysosomes

Transport/ storage of lipids / digestive enzymes

Name a tissue that contains large number of mitochondria

Liver

Muscle

Nervous tissue

Functions of different structures in nucleus

Nuclear pores allows mRNA/ rRNA / ribosomes to pass out of nucleus

Nucleolus- synthesis of ribosomes

Nuclear envelope/ double nuclear membrane: separates the DNA from rest of cellular contents/ holds DNA

State the function of chromatins

Condenses to form chromosomes, involved in/ code for protein synthesis

State two visible differences between RED and SER

Presence of ribosomes and no ribosomes

Membranes in parallel/ regular lines/ more organised VS open network of membranes/ less organised

Two structures found in prokaryotic cells found in mitochondria

Loop of DNA

70S ribosomes

both possess plasma membrane

Difference between mitochondria and bacterial cells

MITOCH has double membrane

No cell wall, no capsule, no flagellum , no mesosome, no plasmids

Function RER

Site of protein synthesis

Polypeptide chains build up at ribosome

Transports polypeptides/ perkiness

Ribosomes read genetic code/ receive mRNA

GB function

Buds off vesicles/ package proteins into vesicles

Transport protein molecules to cell surface/ membrane

Synthesis of glycoproteins/ modification of proteins

Suggest why a cell that secretes hormones into the bloodstream contains a lot of mitochondria

Secretory cell involved in active processes/ metabolically active

ATP/ energy dependant and ATP is amyfactured by mitochondria

Hormone synthesis requires ATP

Two labels show the same type of organelle explain why they differ in appearnwvw

Cut in different plane

Function of mitochondria

1 mark for aerobic respiration

Produces ATP/ releases energy/ ATP for respiration

Name a cell that contains large numbers of mitochondria

Liver cells/ muscle cells

Function of nuclear pores

Allow the transport of mRNA / ribosomes

Name mitochondria organelle and the struactured cristae and matrix inside it

Why do liver cells have large number of mitochondria

Metabolically active cells, many chemical reactions occur in these cells so large amount of ATP produced/ required

Functions of mitochondria, cell wall, nucleolus, chloroplasts

Site of aerobic respiration/ ATP production

Confers rigidity, prevents bursting

rRNA synthesis/ assembles ribosomes

Photosynthesis

Explain why liver cells have large number of mitochondria

They are metabolically active/ many chemical reactions happen, large amount of ATP required

an organic compound found in the internal membranes of the chloroplast never occurs in any other plant or animal organelle

Chlorophyll

Chloroplasts are self replicating, name a structure that would be involved in the production of new chloroplasts

Circular DNA/ ribosomes

One way in which mitochondria is adapted to perform their function

Cylindrical→ decreases diffusion distance and larger SA for gas exchange

Folding of inner membrane (cristae) → increased SA for ATP production/ aerobic respiration

Larger SA:V ratio increased gas exchange

Explain the role of mitochondria in the production and secretion of digestive enzymes

Provide ATP FOR transcription/ translation/ protein synthesis / exocytosis

Two major biochemical components present in all viruses

Protein + nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

Suggest the position of cholesterol molecules within the plasma membrane

Between the fatty acids/ hydrophobic tails

Explain how Ebola virus particles enter a host cell

Binding to receptor/ glycocalyx/ carbohydrate chains/ glycoprotein/ protein

Phagocytosis/ endocytosis

Plasma/ cell membrane encloses/ engulfs the virus in a vesicle

9 marker at the end of CTA test on SharePoint

Two structural features of mitchond and chloroplasts found in prok

Ribosomes

Circular DNA or loops of DNA

Two dominas which contain pron orgsanism

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Explain why hydrophobic molecule is found embedded in a thylakoid memebrsne rather than in the stroma

Fatty acids in membranes/ centre of phospholipid BL lare hydrophobic or non polar

Wheresss the stroma is hydrophobic or polar

Function of cholesterol

Stabilises membranes

Maintains fluidity or rigidity or flexibility

Location of ribosomes in bacterial and animal cells

Bacterial→ cytoplasm

Animal→ RER

Reason for different shapes of mitochondria other than cut in different planes

Self replication

Stage of division

Stage of development

Not fully formed

State why nitrogen and phosphorus are needed for plant growth

Nitrogen is needed for amino acid/ protein

P is needed for nucleotides such as ATP or phospholipids

describe the function of chloroplasts

absorbs light for PT producing carbohydrates/ sugars/ proteins

state the difference between a tissue and an organ

tissue is one type of cell

organ is many types of cells many tissues

Function of cell membranes

Controls movement of substances

Function of mesosome

Attachment of enzymes of aerobic respiration

Name the structure which connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

Plasmodesmata

Following processing by the Golgi body describe how protein was secreted from the cell

Check mark scheme of 2016

A- Golgi body

b- mitochondria

C- endoplasmix reticulum

D- cell membrane

E- cell wall

F- ribosomes