Church History Full Final

Who was St. Benedict?

Rule of St. Benedict was adopted by many Medieval monastic communities.

Founded 12 monasteries his final at Monte Cassino.

What was the rule that Benedict divided a monk's schedule into?

1. Chanting Psalms & Praying in community (four hours)

2. Private Prayer & Scriptural Reading (4 hours)

3. Physical labor (6 Hours)

4. Meals & Sleep (ten hours)

Who was Pope Gregory the Great?

Aka St. Gregory I - Last Latin Father

Became Pope in 590

Sold and gave away all his wealth to establish 7 monasteries & help the poor.

Constantine's death lead to divided rule:

Constantinus (East)- Supported Arianism

Constans (West)-Supported Orthodox Christianity

Who was Theodosius I

made Christianity official religion

What effect did the fall of the Roman Empire have on the Church's understanding of her relationship with the state?

What did Church Fathers do during their time that helped the Church?

Writings of them during this time helped:

Combat heresy , Explain the collapse of the Roman Empire to the people , Formulate Doctrine

Wha are the three Divisions of Church Fathers

Apostolic - Lived during time of the Apostles

Ante-Nicene - Lived after the time of the Apostles but before the 1st Council of Nicaea.

Post Nicene - Lived after the 1st Council of Nicaea

The waves of invasions, from which groups is partly responsible for the collapse of the Empire.

Germanic tribes like the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Lombards

What are the two types of Monasticism & who founded each type?

Eremitic

- founded by St. Anthony the Great

Cenobitic

- founded by St. Pachomius

What are the vows of Benedictines?

Poverty

Chastity

Obedience following their novitiate

Why is the Edict of Milan important?

establishes religious freedom throughout Roman Empire

legalized the practice of Christianity and other religions throughout the Roman Empire

What becomes the new capital of the Empire?

Constantinople

What is the Great Schism?

1054 divided Christianity into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, primarily over theological and political disputes.

What was the 2 parts from the split of the great schism?

west - Holy Roman Empire (spoke Latin)

east - Byzantine (spoke greek)

Why were ecumenical councils called?

were called to bring together bishops from all over the world under the leadership of the Pope to discuss central Church issues & challenges, including the rise of differing beliefs, known as heresies.

What are ecumenical councils

were convened to address heresies and unify Church doctrine, with significant councils including Nicaea and Chalcedon

How many councils have there been in total?

21

What is the first and last ecumenical council?

First Council of Nicaea

Vatican II

Why is the Nicene Creed Significant to Christianity?

established at the First Council of Nicaea, is a foundational statement of Christian faith, affirming the divinity of Christ.

Vatican II

The Church's 21st ecumenical council (1962-1965) that brought reforms to liturgy, Church roles, and modern engagement.

Feudalism

The governing system that prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services of that vassal.

Dark Ages

A term for the early Middle Ages, marked by decline in culture and learning after Rome's fall.

Filioque

Latin for 'and from the Son'; a phrase added to the Nicene Creed by the Western Church without Eastern approval, leading to conflict.

Monasticism

A way of life in which individuals live apart from the world in religious communities devoted to prayer, asceticism, and spiritual work.

Simony

The controversial practice of selling and buying positions or favor within the Church. The Church condemns this practice.

Lay Investitures

A practice in the Middle Ages whereby secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories, thus usurping the right of the pope to choose bishops.

Papal States

The territory in modern-day central Italy that was overseen by the pope from the eighth century until 1870.

Nicene Creed

A formal statement of Christian beliefs formed at the Council of Nicaea and expanded at Constantinople.

Desert Fathers

Early Christian monks (usually of the 4th century) who retreated into the desert to live in solitude, prayer, and asceticism.

Cathedra

The bishop's official chair, symbolizing his teaching authority in a diocese.

Didache

An early Christian writing that teaches morals, Church practices, and rituals.

Canon

The official list of inspired books in the Bible. The Catholic canon lists forty-six Old Testament books and twenty-seven New Testament books.

Council of Nicea

The first ecumenical council (325 AD) that condemned Arianism and formed the original Nicene Creed.

Edict of Milan

A joint declaration in 313 by Constantine and Licinius that legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire.

Council of Trent

The place where the training of candidates for the priesthood takes place. The Council of Trent instructed the bishops in each diocese to set up a seminary college to train men for the priesthood.

Counter Reformation

The Church's effort to reform itself and respond to Protestantism through teaching, discipline, and new religious orders.

Sola Scriptura

The Protestant belief that Scripture alone is the source of faith and authority, rejecting Tradition.

Crusades

A series of military expeditions made according to a solemn vow to return holy places to the possession of the Church from the Muslims.

Hypostatic Union

The union of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ in one Divine Person.

Immaculate Conception

The belief that Mary was preserved from original sin from the moment of her conception.

Sacred Heart of Jesus

A devotion that recognizes that Jesus, both fully divine and fully human, deeply loves his people with an outpouring of love from his human heart.

Nuncio

An archbishop who acts as the official Vatican delegate for a nation. He is also called the apostolic delegate.

Deposit of Faith

The body of saving truth entrusted by Christ to the Apostles and handed on by them to be preserved and proclaimed by the Church's Magisterium.

Nuptial Blessing

A blessing intended for the bride and groom and the marriage covenant that takes place after the couple gives their consent to be married. The word nuptial comes from a Latin word that means 'wedding.'

Seminary

An institution for the training and formation of men for the priesthood.

Diocese

A geographic section of the Church, made up of parishes, that is headed by a bishop.

Extreme Unction

The Anointing of the Sick given to those who are seriously ill or near death to bring spiritual and sometimes physical healing.

Venial Sin

A sin that weakens and wounds your relationship with God but does not destroy grace in your soul.

Mortal Sin

A serious, deadly violation of God's law of love that destroys sanctifying grace in the soul of the sinner. Mortal sins involve grave matter, full knowledge, and full consent.

Natural Family Planning

Church-approved method for regulating births within marriage; it is in accord with God's will because it is pursued by spouses without external pressure or motives of selfishness and is practiced through natural means of periodic continence and use of infertile periods.

Domestic Church

A term for the family as the Church in miniature.

Examination of Conscience

An honest self-assessment of how well you have lived God's covenant of love, leading you to accept responsibility for your sins and to realize your need for God's merciful forgiveness.

Absolution

The prayer by which a priest, through the power given to the Church by Jesus Christ, pardons a repentant sinner in the Sacrament of Penance.

Viatcum

The Eucharist given to a dying person as spiritual preparation for death.

Purgatory

The final purification of all who die in God's grace and friendship but remain imperfectly purified. Purgatory is the final cleansing away of all sin and of all consequences of sin.

Act of Contrition

A prayer that expresses sorrow for sins.

Excommunication

A serious penalty that means a baptized person is no longer 'in communion' with the Catholic Church.

Declaration of Nullity

Declaration from the Church that a particular marriage was not a valid, sacramental, and binding marriage.

Sacramental Seal

The secrecy priests are bound to keep regarding any sins confessed to them.

Adultery

Sexual intercourse by a married person with someone other than the spouse.

VIATICUM MEANS FOOD FOR THE ________

journey

STRIPS OF LAND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA GIVEN BY PEPIN TO THE POPE TO RULE

papal states

A PRAYER FOR EXPRESSING ONE'S SORROW FOR THEIR SINS

act of contrition

THE CATHEDRA IS THE SEAT OF THE _______ TO SYMBOLIZE HIS TEACHING AUTHORITY & POWER

bishop

A MIDDLE AGE PRACTICE WHEREBY SECULAR RULERS CHOSE THE BISHOPS FOR THEIR TERRITORIES, THUS USURPING THE RIGHT OF THE POPE TO CHOOSE BISHOPS

lay investitures

THE EDICT OF WORMS DECLARED THIS PERSON A HERETIC

martin luther

THE CONTROVERSIAL PRACTICE OF SELLING AND BUYING POSITIONS OR FAVORS WITHIN THE CHURCH

simony

THE QURAN OR KORAN WAS GIVEN TO MUHAMMED THROUGH A SERIES OF REVELATIONS FROM WHO

angel gabriel

. WHO IS ABLE TO GIVE ABSOLUTION OR PARDON A PERSON OF THEIR SINS

priest

FILIOQUE IN LATIN MEANS

and the son

THE DIDACHE IS KNOWN AS THE TEACHING OF THESE MEN

apostles

COUNCIL CALLED BY POPE PAUL III

trent

THE POPE IS REFERRED TO AS THE _______ OF CHRIST

vicar

THE HEARTFELT SORROW FOR SINS COMMITTED ALONG WITH THE INTENTION TO SIN NO MOR

contrition

WAS A THEOLOGIAN OF THE MIDDLE AGES, IMPORTANT TO SCHOLASTICISM AND AUTHOR OF SUMMA THEOLOGICA (LAST NAME ONLY)

Aquinas

THIS CREED IS THE FORMAL STATEMENT OF CHRISTIAN BELIEF

nicene

FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR "LOT" A TERM USED FOR ORDAINED MEN

clergy

THEIR PERSON WHO ADMITS THIER SINS

penitent

THIS BLESSING IS SAID OVER THE MARRIED COUPLE DURING THEIR WEDDING CEREMONY

nuptial

DOMINANT GOVERNING SYSTEM IN MIDDLE AGE EUROPE WHERE LORDS GRANTED LAND TO VASSALS IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY SERVICES.

feudalism

What did the Renaissance emphasize?

the pleasures of life, glorified the human body, and celebrated education

What is humanism?

A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the rediscovery of the literature, art, and civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.

How did the features of the Renaissance support the work of the Church?

painters, sculptors, writers, and musicians used artistic expression to emphasize Christian principles

What is Christian Humanism?

to combine the revived interest in humanity with the Christian faith.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Johann Tetzel

throughout Germany to sell indulgences using slogans

Pope Leo X

- issued Exsurge Domine (Arise, O Lord): Against the Errors of Martin Luther and His Followers.

- formal decree of Luther's excommunication, titled Decet Romanum Pontificem was put in place on January 3, 1521

King Henry VIII

be called a reformer because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife

act of supremacy

What is the Protestant Reformation?

grew out of Martin Luther's concern for abuses within the Church, but ultimately led to a division of the Church

What is the Catholic Reformation?

the response of the Catholic Church to the protests of Martin Luther and others who had separated from the Church.

What is an indulgence?

offer the Christian faithful a way to do something good as penance for sins

What are the two types of indulgences?

partial-

plenary-

partial indulgences

reduces the time of purification or punishment that one otherwise will suffer in purgatory

plenary indulgences

removes or eliminates this time or purification all together

What is purgatory?

Process purification for death, that makes us ready for heaven

What action was the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?

95 theses

Why did Luther write the 95 Theses?

The theses protested the sale of indulgences and outlined Luther's teaching on justification by faith alone.

-Luther wanted to invite a debate between theologians, not challenge the Church.

What were Luther's three main concerns in 95 theses?

1. indulgences

2. corrupt practices of some members of the clergy

3. widespread ignorance of the laity in matters of faith

What did the Edict of Worms identify Luther as?

heretic