Period 0 Silver

Due to climate change and changing ocean levels, from where did the earliest humans migrate?

Out of africa

Describe the first human societies (Paleolithic Era)?

Hunter-gatherer bands

What were the long-term effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

• Population increase

• specialization of labor

• social stratification

• technological innovations

• administrative institutions

How did agriculture cause communities to form?

civilizations develop with their own unique cultures, governments, and religions

Where did foundational civilizations develop during this period?

·        River Valleys

o   Tigris & Euphrates (Mesopotamia)

o   Nile (Egypt)

o   Indus (India)

o   Yellow & Yangtze (China)

1.      What does specialization of labor lead to?

·        Social classes

·        Improvements in technology (tools) which leads to trade

1.      How were the earliest civilizations administered?

·        Governments

o   Based on religion

o   Used legal codes

o   Kept records

§  Cuneiform

§  Hieroglyphics

1.      What was a role of pastoral nomads in the Neolithic period?

·        Dissemination of new technologies and techniques

o   Composite bows, iron weapons, chariots, domestication of horses

1.      What were some of the earliest major religious beliefs developed?

·        Animism

·        Judaism

·        Hinduism (from Aryan and Vedic beliefs)

What new belief systems emerged during the classical era?

·        Buddhism

·        Confucianism

·        Christianity

·        Islam followed shortly after

1.      What effect did Hinduism have on the social structure in South Asia?

It generated natural hierarchies

1.      What did Confucianism seek to promote?

Social harmony through the five relationships

1.      What was the core belief of Daoism?

·        Balance between humans and nature

1.      What religion formed out of Judaism?

Christianity

1.      How did Islam spread?

·        Merchants

·        Missionaries

·        Military expansion

·        Sufis

1.      Which key dynasties arose in East Asia around the time of the Classical Era?

Qin and Han

1.      Which key states rose in the Mediterranean in the Classical Era?

·        Phoenician city-states

·        Greek city-states

·        Roman Empire

·        Persian Empire

1.      Which key states rose in South Asia during the Classical Era?

Mauryan and Gupta

How did kings maintain rule in ancient civilizations?

·        Claim to divine connection

·        Support of religious elites (and military/aristocracy)

·        Record keeping

·        Legal codes

1.      What techniques of imperial administration were used in the Classical Era?

·        Use of religion

·        Legalism

·        Centralized government bureaucracies

·        Military power

o   Defensive walls

·        Economic stability through trade

o   Roads

1.      What role did imperial cities fill?

·        Centers of trade

·        Religious rituals

·        Political administration

1.      What naturally accompanies trade?

·        Cultural diffusion

o   Transfer of goods, ideas, disease, and technologies

1.      What caused the decline of the Classical Empires (Rome, Persian, Gupta, Han)?

·        Decentralization

·        Internal Problems

o   Weak leaders

o   Financial crises

o   Overextension

·        External Problems

o   Invaders

·        Environmental Damage

o   Disease, deforestation, desertification, erosion