Anatomy Lec 1-10

what are the abdominal regions

left/right hypochondriac, epigastric, left/right lumbar, umbilical, left/right iliac, hypogastric

what are the devisions of the skeleton

axial, appendicular

how does the coronal plane devide the body

front and back

how does the sagittal plane devide the body

left and right

how does the transverse plane devide the body 

top and bottom

what is superior

up

what is rostral

towards the head

what is inferior

below

what is caudal

towards the tail

what is proximal

towards the origin of a limb

what is distal

away from the origin of the limb

what is ventral

bottom of head

what is dorsal

towards the back

what is anterior

towards the front

what is posterior

towards the back

what is medial

towards the midline

what is lateral

away from midline

what are the body cavities

cranial, pericardial, pleural, abdominal, pelvic

devisions of the upper limb

arm, forearm, hand

devisions of the lower limb

thigh, shank, foot

what devision of the nervous system is dedicated to homeostasis

autonomic

what is the variable in homeostasis

what we are regulating

what is the set point in homeostasis

the appropriate level of the variable

what is the stimulus in homeostasis

what moves the variable away from the setpoint

what is the detector/receptor in homeostasis

detects the change away from the setpoint

what is the control centre in homeostasis

takes the input from the detector and decides on the appropriate course of action

what is the effector in homeostasis

moves the variable back to the set point

describe the negative feedback in the pancreas

high blood glucose (stimulus) away from the setpoint triggers the pancreas (both detector and control centre) to signal to the adipose tissue and the liver to release insulin in order to correct the high blood glucose level

negative feedback in temperature regulation (Cold)

rececptors in skin and hypothalamus send nerve impulses to the preoptic area, heat promoting centre, and neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, causes the effectors of vasoconstricton, adrenal medulla and thyroid increasing metabolic rates, shivering

negative feedback in temperature regulation (hot)

detectors in skin and hypothalamus detect increase and relay message to hypothalamus which then sends messages to the blood vessels and sweatglands

what is potential

should be called potential difference, exists across cell membrane and is thus also called membrane potential 

what anions and cations are involved in potential

potassium K+, sodium NA+, calcium Ca+ and chlorine Cl-

what is the difference between inside and outside the cell

more negative inside, mostly as a result of sodium and potassium

Key concepts about Sodium Ions

sodium wants to enter the cell to gow down its charge and concentration difference

key concepts about potassium ions

trying to leave the cell because of high concentration, once it does to the cell will become even more negative

Resting membrane potential 

in a neuron is around -70mV and exists because of high concentrations of negativley charged proteins. inside is lots of potassium and outside is lots of sodium

what mantains the resting membrane potential

sodium has a harder time entering the cell than potassium has leaving, and the NaK pump pushes more sodium out than it accecpts potassium in

positive feedback mechanism

same as in negative feedback except the effector moves the stimulus further away from the setpoint to increase the signal

Positive feedback in milk clotting

baby sucks, touch receptors speak to the hypothalamus, hypothalamus speaks to posterior pituatary, pituitary releases oxytosin to contract the myoepithelium and let milk out, which causes more sucking…. repeats till baby is full

positive feedback in blood clotting

broken blood vessel exposes binding cites, platelets bind to the cite, activate,  and signal for more platelets with ADP and thromboxane, platelets keep building until the clot is filled  

explain a voltage gated ion channel

voltage in cell changes, the gate opens, cations rush in, the potential decreases because of presence of cations, the gate closes

ligand gated ion channels

ligand attaches to channel, opening it, allwing 1 of 2 things to happen, Na+ rushes in, depolarizing the cell or K+ rushes out, hyperpolarizing the cell

Graded potentials

typically short lived depolarizations or hyperpolarizations, can be summed if they are close together in space and time, controlled using negative feedback

describe an action potential

a series of depolarizing signals fire, causing Na+ voltage gated channels to open increasing the cells potential to 20 mV, the voltage gated Na+ channels begin to close as the K+ channels open, repolarizing the cell, once the cell has been polarized, the K+ channels remain open, making it hard to have successive action potentials

what is saltatory conduction

“jumping” of impulse via the myeling sheath

what generates the myelin sheath

oligodendrocytes in CNS and schwann cells in PNS

what is an electrical synapse

when the ion movement of one cell cause the movement of another, allowing for syncronized movement

where is electrical synapses found

the brain, heart, and uterus

what is a neurotransmitter

substance that transmits signals across a synapse, causeing either EPSPs or IPSPs

Types of neurotransmitters

Biogenic amines (contain R-NH2) dopamine, epinepherin and norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine

How are neurotransmitters removed

broken down by enzyme (acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase(epinephrine)) or reuptake

what are the 3 classes of neurons

afferent (sensory to brain), efferent (brain to motor), interneurons

what is unique about afferent neurons

they are pseudounipolar, and have a central cell body

what are ependymal cells

line fluid filled zones in the brain

what aree microglia

immune cells

what are astrocytes

blood brain barrier, synaptic connections, homeostasis

what are the 5 lobes of the cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

role of the frontal lobe

behavior, personality, higher reasoning, voluntary motor activity in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

what is the role of the parietal lobe

integration of sensory information, pain pressure, touch proprioception,

what is the role of the teporal lobe

audition, language, smell

what is the role of the occipital lobe

processes visual info

role of the occipital lobe

processes visual info

what are the 3 main fissures separating the lobes of the cortex

lateral (temporal lobe) the longitudinal (separates left and right) and the parietoccipital (guess fuckwit)

what are the 2 major devisions of the skull

viscerocrainum(face), neurocrainium(brain)

bones of the neurocrainum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

bones of the viscerocranium

the zygomatic, the maxilla, the mandible

what are the sutures of the skull

coronal, sagittal, pterion, the lambdoid, occipitomastoid, squamous

where is the coronal suture

across the top of the head width

where is the sagittal suture

across the length of the top of the skull

where is the squamous suture

separates parietal bone from the temporal bone

where is the occipitomastoid suture

between temporal and occipital bone

where is the lambdoid suture

between parietal and occipital bone

where is the pterion

temple

what are the 4 fontanelles

anterior, posterior, posteriolateral, anterolateral

where is the anterior fontanelle located

along the coronal suture

where is the posterior fontanelle

along the lambdoid suture

where is the posteriolateral fontanelle

occipitomastoid suture

where is teh anteriolateral fontanelle

at the pterion

levels of the spine

7 cerebral, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum (5 fused), 1coccyx

between which vertebrae are there no disks

1,2

what are meninges

tissue within the skull that holds the brain in place and has a role in blood supply

what are the 3 menenges

dura mater, aracnoid mater, pia mater

dura mater

thickest of the menengies, directly adheared to the skull

epidural space

a potential space in the skull, but a real space in the spine, carries arterial blood. Bleeds here are epidural hematomas and show up on scans as being very well contained

dural folds and locations

falx cerebri - separates the two hemispheres of the brain, falx cerebelli - separates the cerebellum, tentorum cerebelli - like a tent over the cerebellum, diaphragma sellae - bottom of the skull

dural sinuses

collection for venous blood, separated by the endostele and menengial layers,

what is the conus medullaris

the bottom part of where the spinal cord is coehesive

what is the cauda equina

where the spinal cord “fans out” like a horses tail

what is the subdural space

below the dura, above the aracnoid, carries venous blood a bleed there is a subdural hematoma and shows up without clear borders

what is the subaracnoid space

between the aracnoid mater and the pia mater, carries cerebral spinal fluid and blood from the cerebral arterial circle, bleeds are subaracnoid hemmarages 

what arteries supply the blood to the brain

internal carotid - external goes to face, vertebral artery, a branch of the subclavian

what is the cerebral arterial circle

completes an anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain even if one half of the circle is blocked.

describe the CAC moving from posterior to anterior

left and right vertebral arteries form the basilar artery, which splits into the left and right posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the internal carotid arteries, which then form the anterior cerebral artery, which are connected by the anterior communicating artery. coming off from the connection point between the posterior communicating and basilar arteries is the posterior communicating, and coming off the carotid is the middle cerebral arteries

where does the posterior communicating artery supply blood

the bottom of the brain, most significantly the occipital lobe, cutting it off would compromise vision

where does the middle cerebral artery supply blood

the centre of the brain along the longitudinal fissure, cutting off blood supply would cause loss of function in the legs

where does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood

the sides of the brain, think parietal and temporal lobes, a loss here results in facial effects as well as hearing and speech difficulties

what is the path of the dural sinuses

superior connects with the straig which comes from the inferior via the confulence of sinuses from the confulence it splits to the left and right transverse sinuses and then into the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular

what is the middle menengial artery

exists between the dura and the skull and supplies both, and is deep to the pterion

what is the order of the ventricles

lateral, interventricular foramen, 3rd ventrilce, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central cana.

what creates the CSF

Choroid plexus