Semester 4 quiz ap psych

prejudice

negative attitude towards a particular group and its members

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

social categorization

The assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

cognitive dissonance theory

we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

realistic conflict theory

suggests that prejudice and discrimination increase whenever there is conflict over limited resources

stereotype vulnerability

the effect of our awareness of the way others stereotype us which then influences our own behavior and expectations

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

social script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

mere exposure effect

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

self-fulfilling prophecy

the tendency of one's expectations to shape our behavior in such a way to make those expectations occur

companionate love

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment

reciprocity norm

Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social roles

patterns of behavior expected of a person as a result of their position in the society

social exchange theory

the theory that the aim of our social behavior is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

prosocial behavior

behavior that benefits others

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

tendency of people to be less inclined to help someone in need when there are many others around who could also help

diffusion of responsibility

failure to take responsibility for inaction because of the presence of others

superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which can generate aggression

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

social responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

social psychology

Scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings and behavior are affected by the presence of others

attribution theory

Fritz Heider's theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

conformity

Changing one's own behavior to match others

norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

groupthink

Tendency in groups to place more importance on group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of a problem

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

obedience

changing one's behavior at the command of real or perceived authority

compliance

Changing one's behavior as the result of others directing or asking

foot-in-the-door technique

Asking for a small commitment and, after getting compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

door-in-the-face technique

Asking for a huge commitment and, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment

norm of reciprocity

Assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something for the other in return

that's-not-all technique

Making an offer and then adding something extra to make the offer better before the decision is made

lowball technique

Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

social facilitation

Tendency for the presence of others to improve our performance

social impairment

Tendency for the presence of others to negatively affect our performance

social loafing

Tendency in a group for some members to put in less effort and let others do most of the work

social cognition

Mental processes we use to make sense of the social world around us (emotional intelligence)

social categorization

Immediate assignment of people to certain categories based on their characteristics

fundamental attribution error

Tendency to blame our own (and those close to us) negative behavior on the situation and the negative behavior of outsiders on their lack of character

ingroup

Those with whom we are associated in some way; "Us"

outgroup

Those perceived as different from themselves "Them"

ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one's own group

automatic mimicry

Natural tendency to unconsciously imitating others' behaviors and emotions as well as their expressions, postures, and voice tones.

attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

central route persuasion

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the merits of the argument

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness or popularity

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more constructive ways of thinking and acting

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A therapy associated with Aaron Beck that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

self-help groups

A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist to help each other overcome problems

group therapy

therapy conducted by a professional therapist with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

eclectic approach

Therapy style that utilizes several different techniques depending on the type of client and the nature of the problem

regression toward the mean

The tendency of unusual events (or emotions) to "regress" or return to their normal state - the idea the we often just feel better with time

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

therapeutic alliance

The relationship between the therapist and the client based on caring and mutual trust and respect

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

cybertherapy

Psychotherapy offered over the internet

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

Controversial therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in which a person moves their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory

light exposure therapy (Phototherapy)

therapy that involves a timed daily dose of intense light; used for SAD

therapeutic lifestyle change

the idea that healthier lifestyles may help prevent or ease symptoms of psychological illnesses; a hallmark of positive psychology

attributional style

characteristic way of explaining why a positive or negative event occurred

cognitive triad

according to Beck, there are 3 important areas of life that are most influenced by the depressive cognitive schema; this refers to information about the self, about the world, and about the future

action therapies

therapies in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

directive therapy

therapeutic approach in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client; an example is Gestalt therapy

nondirective therapy

therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

tardive dyskinesia

Parkinson-like chronic and uncontrollable muscle tremors of the face and body; an unfortunate side effect of antipsychotic medication usually taken to treat schizophrenia

Thorazine (chlorpromazine)

typical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia

lithium (carbonate)

a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

antidepressant drugs that achieve their agonistic effect on serotonin by selectively blocking its reuptake (Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil)

MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

first type of antidepressant medication; less used today due to there severe side effects

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

behavior modification therapy

action therapies base on classical and operant conditioning

behavior therapy

action therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

contingency contract

a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Gestalt therapy

directive insight therapy which uses leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

insight therapy

psychotherapies like client-centered and psychoanalysis which are aimed at helping clients learn more about themselves as a means of getting better

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

reflection

the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements to confirm feelings, to accept what is being said, or to seek clarification

systematic desensitization

A type of therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.