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Atoms
The building blocks of matter.
Subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, and electrons, with respective charges of +, =, and -.
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom, which is also equal to the number of electrons.
Atomic mass
The average mass of all the atoms of an element.
Ion
An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge.
Cation
A positively charged ion.
Anion
A negatively charged ion.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Group
The 18 columns in the periodic table.
Period
The rows in the periodic table, with 7 periods.
Metals
Elements that are solid at room temperature.
Metalloids
Elements with properties of both metals and non-metals.
Nonmetals
Elements that are gases at room temperature.
Valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost shell of an atom that participate in bonding.
Octet rule
Atoms tend to have 8 valence electrons for stability.
Noble gases
Non-reactive elements with 8 valence electrons.
Ionic bond
The result of attraction between ions.
Covalent bond
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to form a bond.
Nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons are equally shared between two atoms.
Polar covalent bond
Electrons are unequally shared between two atoms.
Metallic bond
The force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance.
Hydrogen bond
Intermolecular force that bonds water molecules together.
Molecule
Formed when two or more atoms are chemically joined together.
Compound
Formed when atoms of different elements join together chemically.
Chemical bond
The force of attraction that holds two or more atoms together.
Metal-Metal
Metallic bond.
Metal-Nonmetal
Ionic bond.
Nonmetal-Nonmetal
Covalent bond.
Lanthanides
Soft metals.
Actinides
Radioactive metals.
Note
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