3.1-3.2

Flashcards about the expansion of empires during 1450-1750

What term refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories?

Gunpowder Empires

Which three empires, besides Russia, are included in the Gunpowder Empires?

The Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires

Name three new monarchies in Europe during the 1500s.

The Tudors in England, the Valois in France, and Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand in Spain

What did Ivan IV do to expand the Russian border eastward?

He took control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia held by the descendants of the Golden Horde.

Which river did Ivan IV gain control of to enable direct trade with Persia and the Ottoman Empire?

The Volga River

Which dynasty overthrew China's Yuan Dynasty in 1368?

The Ming Dynasty

Who are the Manchu?

The Manchu are a group from neighboring Manchuria who seized power and established the Qing Dynasty in China.

Which Chinese emperor ruled from 1661-1722 and presided over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty?

Emperor Kangxi

What was the White Lotus Rebellion?

A group of peasants organized the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) in response to high taxes and a desire to restore the Ming Dynasty.

What is the ghazi ideal?

A model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.

Which city did Tamerlane move out from to make ruthless conquests in Persia and India?

Samarkand

Which empire was the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period?

The Ottoman Empire

Who was Mehmed II?

Mehmed II (ruled 1451-1481) AKA 'The Conqueror' firmly established the Ottoman Empire's capital (Constantinople) after his forces sieged the city in 1453.

Who was Suleiman I?

Suleiman I (ruled 1520–1566) was the ruler under which the Ottoman Empire reached its peak.

How did Shah Ismail use Shi'a Islam?

Shah Ismail used Shi'a Islam as a unifying force, building a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to any Sunni.

Which leader founded a 300-year dynasty in India in the 1520s?

Babur

Which system divides Hindu people into four categories: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and the Shudras?

The caste system

What battle marked a turning point in Ottoman domination in Eastern Europe?

The failed Siege of Vienna in 1683

Name one factor that contributed to the decline of the Safavid Dynasty.

Ineffectual leaders combined lavish lifestyles and military spending with falling revenues, resulting in a weakened economy.

What was one of Aurangzeb's goals as a ruler?

Aurangzeb hoped to increase the size of the empire and bring all of India under Muslim rule, ridding the empire of its Hindu influences.

According to the divine right of kings, where did a king's right to rule come from?

God

What was the job of the justices of the peace?

To maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling some legal matters, and to carry out the monarch's laws

What did the English Bill of Rights guarantee?

Individual civil liberties and protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army

Which French king espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator?

Louis XIV

What was the oprichnina in Russia?

A paramilitary force loyal to Ivan IV, drawn from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants

What did Peter the Great do to gain full control of the throne?

Peter had to defeat his half-sister Sophia and her supporters, a boyar-led elite military corps called the Streltsy; he consolidated power by forcing Sophia into a convent.

What was the devshirme system used for in the Ottoman Empire?

To staff their military and their government by recruiting Christian boys who were subjects of the empire

What was the most famous group that resulted from the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

Janissaries

What did Tokugawa Ieyasu do in 1603?

Tokugawa Ieyasu was declared shogun in 1603. His successors would continue to rule Japan into the mid-19th century, in an era known as the Period of Great Peace.

How did the Tokugawa government control the daimyo in Japan?

The Tokugawa government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital; if the daimyo himself was visiting his home territory, his family had to stay in Tokyo, essentially as hostages.

What were zamindars in the Mughal Empire?

Paid government officials who were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply

Why did Peter the Great move the Russian capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg?

So he could keep watch on the boyars there, who were doing their required state service by working in his government.

How did Askia the Great legitimize his rule in Songhai?

Askia made Islam Songhai's official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. In addition to legitimizing his rule through promoting Islam, he also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together.

How did Peter the Great finance his military ventures?

When industrialization failed to bring in the revenue Peter needed for his military ventures, he raised taxes and began to compel workers to work in the shipyards - a sort of urban extension of serfdom.

Which empire collected tributes from other states as a way to demand recognition of their power and authority?

China