A&P

206

How many bones are in the human body?

hyaline and fibrocartilage

what types of cartilage are in the body

long, short, flat, irregular

4 major groups of bone

long bones

longer than they are wide (humerus)

short bones

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

irregular bones

vertebrae

bone markings

reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed 3 main categories: projections, articulations, depressions/ openings

Projection (bone marking)

outward bulge of bone where where muscles and ligaments attach

Articulating surfaces

2 bones meet at a joint. These include Condyle, Facet, Head, and Trochlea

depressions and openings

allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves; form joints

inorganic calcium salts, organic collagen fibers

The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells derived from mesenchyme

osteoblast

bone-forming cell

osteocyte

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

Ossification

process of bone formation

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage (bones inferior to skull)

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue (Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle)

epiphyseal plate/growth plate

Where does new bone formation take place in growing long bones?

5 zones of bone growth

resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

proximal epiphysis

end of the bone closest to the trunk of the body

distal epiphysis

end of the bone farthest from the trunk of the body

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Osteon

functional and structural unit of compact bone

Haversian canal

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

Lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

ground bone

bony matrix, no visible bone cells

Decalcified bone

no bony matrix, visible bone cells

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column (protects brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs)

mandible

All skull bones are interlocked along sutures, except the _____________

parietal bone

a bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull.

occipital bone

back of head

temporal bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead

sphenoid bone

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

Zygomatic bone

cheek bone

vomer bone

Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum

lacrimal bone

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

26

how many bones in the vertebral column

fibrocartilage

what is between vertebrae?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

sections of the vertebral column

7 bones, C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

12 bones, T1-T12

thoracic vertebrae

5 bones, L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

5 bones fused together, S1-S5

sacral vertebrae

4 fused bones, Co1-Co4

coccygeal vertebrae

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Sternum is composed of

1st seven pairs of ribs (true ribs)

The sternum attaches to

12 pairs

how many pairs of ribs total

false ribs, indirectly attached to sternum

next five pairs of ribs

floating ribs, don't attach at all

last 2 pairs of ribs

4

how many fontanelle in a fetal skull

hyoid bone

This bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body. Muscles of the neck and tongue attach to it.

cervical, 7

superior most section of the spine which is called _______ and is comprised of ______ vertebrae

epiphysis, spongy bone

The end of a long bone is called the _____ and is filled with ______

zygomatic bones

What are the cheek bones called?

5 vertebrae

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar region

Size, Shape, position, depth, Action, # of heads or bellies

naming muscles

size of muscle

longus (long), brevis (short)

shape of muscle

deltoid (triangular)

position of muscle

dorsi (back), oris (mouth)

depth of muscle

externus (external), profundus (deep)

of heads

biceps (2), triceps (3), quadriceps (4)

of bellies

digastric (2)

parallel muscles

fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle produce a greater range of movement than similar sized muscles with pennate arrangement (sartorius)

convergent muscles

broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe); muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation; ex: pectoralis muscles

circular muscle

muscle that forms a ring around a body opening (orbicularis oris)

multipennate muscle

forms an angle with a tendon; do not move as far as parallel; contains more myofibrils than parallel muscles; develop more tension than parallel muscles; tendon branches within the muscle; ex: deltoid

unipennate muscle

fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, like extensor digitorum longus of the calf

bipennate muscle

muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon; rectus femoris

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, strong and cordlike)

Aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

binds groups of muscle bellies together

what does deep fascia do

Agonist muscle

The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a bone.

antagonist muscle

muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle

synergist muscle

Muscle that assists a prime mover

fixator muscle

Stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

facial muscles

frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomaticus; attach on skin not bone

muscles of mastication

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid; chewing; attach to mandible

neck muscles

Platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius

muscles of respiration

diaphragm and intercostals

abdominal wall muscles

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis (horizontal), rectus abdominis (vertical, 6-pack)

Arm Muscles

biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii anterior: flex arm & forearm posterior: extend arm & forearm

forearm muscles

supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus anterior: flexes wrist & fingers posterior: extends wrist & fingers

thenar muscles

abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis move the thumb

midpalmar muscles

Lumbricals, Palmar Interossei, Dorsal Interossei, Adductor pollicis fove fingers 2-5 (thumb is 1)

muscles of pelvic girdle

iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus stabilize hip joint allow hip joint movement

thigh muscles

quadriceps and hamstrings anterior: extend knee, flex hip posterior: flex knee, extend hip medial: adduct hip

leg muscles

tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus anterior: dorsiflex & inversion of foot, extend toes posterior: plantar flexion & inversion of foot, flex toes lateral: eversion of foot

obicularis oculi

what muscle closes the eye, allowing you to wink or blink

buccinator

what muscle compresses the cheeks when you whistle