Dynamics of Personality Exam 2

What are the three underlying elements to feminine psychology?

1. Women seen as potentially equal

2. Women desire/value affiliation (over personal accomplishment)

3. Environmental factors matter (context influences development)

Why is Horney still neo-Freudian?

She believed in:

- importance of childhood experiences

- psychic determinism

- creation of internal conflict

- seeking to gratify internal needs

- non-rational, unconscious motives

Safety Need

universial need for security and freedom from fear

- inborn, healthy, constructive, leads to affiliation

Basic Evil causes?

Basic Anxiety, which reacts with Basic Hostility

Basic Hostility

a persistent feeling of anger and resentment toward the world because security needs aren't met, creates basic conflict

moving toward

(compliance)

the self effacing solution

1.) Need for affection/approval

2.) Need for a dominant partner

moving against

(hostility)

the self expansive solution

3.) Need for power

4.) Need to exploit others

5.) Need for social recognition/prestige

6.) Need for admiration

7.) Need for excessive achievement/ambition

moving away

(detachment)

the resignation solution

8.) Need to restrict life within narrow limits

9.) Need for excessive self-sufficiency/independence

10.) Need for perfection

moving with personality

neurotic needs expressed but:

- minimally

- only in times of stress

- moving around the many possibilities

- recognized by the person as potentially problematic

Idealized Self

idealized picture of oneself; what we think we "should" be

Tyranny of the Shoulds

attempt to reach an unattainable ideal by doing what you think you "should" do

What are Horney's methods of assessment?

free association

dream analysis

systematic self analysis

CAD

Horney-Coolidge Type Indicator

Erich Fromm

combines Freud & Marx

social psychological perspective

freedom

being independent and able to make your own decisions, own sense of indentity

security

social connectedness, feeling like you belong

Fromm: 6 Basic Needs

- relatedness

- transcendence

- rootedness

- sense of identity

- frame of orientation/object of devotion

- excitation and stimulation

Relatedness

relating to others & living productively, becoming active creators, feeling that we belong, becmoing aware of ourselves as separate and unique individuals

Basic Needs Conflict

Security:

- relatedness

- rootedness

- frame of orientation

Freedom:

- transcendence

- sense of identity

- excitation and stimulation

Basic human Condition (Fromm)

- we are inherently lonely

- culminates in knowledge of death

- desire security

What is the term for the positive outcome of this conflict?

Humanistic Communitarian Socialism: work together to create a society that fulfills our needs, empathsize with one another

What happens in the negative outcome of this conflict?

Escape mechanisms are used to escape the burden of freedom

Authoritarianism

life is better if controlled by outside forces

Destructiveness

feeling like you have control by controlling things

the elimination of others/ and or the outside world

Automaton Conformity

giving up your individual freedom to a group

Fromm proposed 5 character types that are typical in Western Societies, what are the 4 negative and 1 positive types?

Negative: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing

Positive: productive

Receptive

let other people push them around

Exploitative

take advantage of others

Hoarding

gain security by collecting material goods

Marketing

I have meaning by the way I present myself

example: "I have a gucci bag"

Productive

value themselves & others for who they are

is biophilious

Ideal human development

uses humanistic ethics

embody the being mode not the having mode

Biophilious

in love with life

Necrophilious

attracted to destruction

example: Hitler

Anna Freud

extended her father's theory:

- role of the ego

- study of children

Erik Erikson

psychosocial development theory

ego psychology

lifespan developmentalist

identity theory

What are the major changes from Sigmund Freud that Erikson did?

1.) Greater emphasis on ego than Id

2.) Elaborated/expanded stages of devlopment

- to include social dimension

- development throughout lifespan

Epigeneitc Principle of Maturation

each stage develops on top of the previous one (a hierarchial pattern)

Epi: upon

Genetic: biology

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

eight successive stages

each stage brings a new social perspective

each challenge is known as a life crisis

if you turn the successful way you develop basic virtures or ego strengths

Trust vs Mistrust

Age: 0-1 Freud Stage: Oral

Highly dependent for care/survival

Trust= correlation between needs and care giving

If care is unreliable -> mistrust

Lays a foundation for the rest of devlopment

Basic Virtue : HOPE

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Age: 1-2 Freud Stage: Anal Stage

control over body vs. feeling ashamed and doubting self

Basic Virtue: WILL

Inititiative vs. Guilt

Age: 3-5 Freud Stage: Phallic Stage

begin to envision selves as adults

play becomes realistic and purposeful

Basic Virtue: PURPOSE

Industry vs. Inferiority

Age: 6- puberty Freud Stage: Latency

applies energy that was directed toward play to socially approved goals

Industry- being able to accomplish expected tasks well

Inferiority- feeling inadequate in accomplishing tasks

Basic Virtue: COMPETENCE

Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion

Age 12-18 Freud Stage: Genital Stage

compare how I see myself with how others see me

Identity- a sense of coherent individuality which allows one to solve problems adaptively

Role Confusion- Inability to see yourself as a productive member of society

Basic Virtue: FIDELITY

Role Confusion

Leads to an indentity crisis

or

Develops a negative identity

Indentity Statuses

Identity achiever

Moratorium

Indentity Diffusion

Foreclosure

Intimacy vs Isolation

Age: 18-35 Freud: did not have stage

Intimacy: ability to develop a close and meaningful relationship

Isolation: self-absorption; inability to develop deep committed relationships

Basic Virtue: LOVE

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Age: 35-55

Generativity: Ability to be productive and creative

Stagnation: boredom

Basic Virtue: CARE

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Age: 65-???

Integrity: can reflect on life with satisfaction, death is accepted and not feared

Despair: regret over missed opportunities

Basic Virtue: WISDOM

Maladaptation within Psychoscocial Developmental Stages

1. psychosis

2. shame

3. inhibition

4. inertia/anxiety

5. insecurity/dependence

6. promiscuity/ exclusiveness

7. indifference or overextension

8. disdain/anger/fear

Karen Horney

gave rise to feminine psychology, suffered from major depression, neo-freudian

Womb Envy

male envy of women's ability to bear and nurse children

What did Horney think the driving life force was?

the childhood need for safety

Can a child's safety needs be 100% met?

no

What occurs when safety needs are not met?

Basic Anxiety: a persistent feeling of loneliness and helplessness

Basic Evil

negative environmental factors that cause insecurity

Basic Conflicts

the struggle between wanting love and fearing that it can't be achieved

example: "I hate you and I need you"

How do we try to overcome basic conflicts?

1.) Securing affection and love (positive "solution" & healthy)

2.) Neurotic Needs

10 Neurotic Needs

1.) Need for affection/approval

2.) Need for a dominant partner

3.) Need for power

4.) Need to exploit others

5.) Need for social recognition/prestige

6.) Need for admiration

7.) Need for excessive achievement/ambition

8.) Need to restrict life within narrow limits

9.) Need for excessive self-sufficiency/independence

10.) Need for perfection

Real Self

who we are

Psychohistorical analysis

biographical study of an individual using psychoanalytic methods

What were the two Native American tribes that Erikson studied?

Sioux and Yurok

Dan McAdams

worked with Erikson, had theory of life story and sense of self

First Years

set a tone for our beliefs; either optimistic or pessimistic

elementary school years

motives and themes relating to agency and communion develop

adolescent period

face the problem of identity and become self conscious in myth making

middle age

develop generativity script

McAdams´3 personality levels

Dispositional Traits

Characteristic Adaptations

Life Narratives

Object Relations Theorists

Melanie Klein

Margaret Mahler

Heinz Kohut

Otto Kernberg

Nancy Chodorow

Object

any target that an infant wants to obtain through their innate drives (anything they want a relatiionship with)

Melanie Klein

Freud: Drives are in place to fulfill bio needs

Klein: Drives are in place to seek objects

Splitting (Klein)

Early in life people divide their feelings about the objects into all good or all bad

In adulthood splitting causes

all good: Narcissist

all bad: become depressed individual

Margaret Mahler

the process of separation and individuation

The process of separation and individuation

going from total fusion with mother to developing individual characteristics

begins at around 4 months old

Separation

physical distinction

individuation

psychological distinction

What are the sequence of stages that the ego goes through in developing individuation?

1. Normal autism and normal symbiosis

2. Differentiation

3. Practicing

4. Rapprochement

5. Consolidation

Heinz Kohut

ego psychologist

self-theory suggests that children need to have their talk and accomplishments acknowledged

- mirroring and idealization

Self Theory

children need to have their talk and their accomplishments acknowledged, accepted, and praised

Idealization

children need to be seen as special/center of your universe

Otto Kernberg

focused on borderline personality disorder; elaborated on process of splitting as related to relationships of people with BPD

Nancy Chodorow

reproduction of mothering

Reproduction of Mothering (Chodorow)

a cyclical process by which the mother-daughter relationship instills in the daughter maternal capacities and the desire to take on the role of mother

Relational Cultural Theory (RCT)

Stone Center:human development happens within the context of interpersonal relationships (we need to value affiliation and relationships)

Based on Jean Baker Miller's work

Framework of Inequity

men and male characterisitcs have been more valued than women and female characteristics by society

Male Valued Characteristics

strength, independence, competition, financial success, prestige

Female Valued Characteristics

emotionally in touch, interdependency, support, cooperation, nurturing

Suggests a paradigm shift from separation-individuation to

relationship differentiation

What is the RCT goal (maturity/health)?

connection: replaced "self" from prior theories

Disconnection

A break that is experienced when a person cannot engage in mutually empathetic and empowering relationships

- source of ill health

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physician, noticed dogs salivated when door open, rang a bell before feeding time, dogs began to salivate at bell alone

= classical conditioning/respondent conditioning

In Pavlov's Dog study what is the

Unconditioned Stimulus:

Unconditioned Response:

Neutral Stimulus:

Conditioned Stimulus:

Conditioned Response:

Unconditioned Stimulus: the food

Unconditioned Response: salivation

Neutral Stimulus: the bell-before pairing

Conditioned Stimulus: the bell-after pairing

Conditioned Response: salivation to the bell

John B. Watson

father of american behaviorism

Watson said that psychology needs to emphasize what type of behavior?

overt

Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect

behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

Empiricism

all knowledge comes from experience/learning

Dollard and Miller

wanted to specify conditions that cause us to develop habits

Drives

want something

Cue

notice something; provides discriminative stimuli

Response

do something; what is actually learned

Reinforcers

anything that increases the likelihood of a particular behavior occurring ( get something)