Chapter 6 PUBH

noncommunicable diseases

chronic conditions that do not result from infections processes and are not communicable

epidemiological transition

a historical shift in the patterns of disease and mortality in a population, typically from infectious diseases to chronic diseases

screening

the use of tests on people who don’t have symptoms of a specific disease

lead time bias

early detection of a disease without an improved outcome

Rayes Theorem 

math formula that interprets the meaning of diagnostic and screening tests. It provides a connection between the probability of disease before a test is conditioned, and the probability of disease after knowing whether the test results are positive or negative 

pretest of probability of disease

probability of disease before a test is conduction

posttest probability of disease

probability of disease after knowing whether the results are positive or negative

sensitivity

probability that the test will be positive in the presence of disease

specificity 

probability that the test will be negative in the absence of disease

sequential testing

an initial screening is followed by a definite/diagnostic test

multiple risk factor deduction

addressing multiple interconnected risk factors simultaneously to prevent disease and promote well-being

cost effectiveness

combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs. considers the benefits and harms of an intervention to determine its net effectiveness

incremental cost effectiveness

ratio that represents the additional cost relative to the additional net effectiveness

quality adjusted life year

the number of life years saved by an intervention

predictive genetic testing

identifies gene mutations that increase an individuals risk of developing a disease

incomplete penetrance

limited ability to use predictive testing

carrier tests

genetic tests that identify if a person has gene mutations for certain genetic disorders, even though they don't have symptoms themselves

determinants of disease

communicable, noncommunicable, and environmental disease and injuries