Bio/Biochem

DNA is methylated on

Cytosine

DNA methylation leads to

decreased transcriptional activity because it calls on histone deacetylases

alternative splicing

cutting an mRNA up different ways for different proteins

conjugation

exchange of genetic material bw prokaryotes (bacteria) through sex pilus (penis)

transformation

when prokaryotes intake foreign genetic material from it’s surroundings

gene duplication

a duplicated gene mutates and now has a similar sequence to the original

post-transcriptional modifications are

splicing, 3 poly-A tail, and 5 G cap

missense mutation

base pair substitution that results in a whole new amino acid

mitochondrial DNA is

Circular

eukaryotic cell DNA is mostly

repetitive sequences

cholesterol also has

a hydroxyl group

supernatant

the liquid from a separated solution

mobile phase in tlc

is nonpolar

Krebs Cycle product points

2,3,4,5,7

product points 2,3,7

NADH

product points 2,3

CO2 (as well as NADH)

product point 4

GTP

product point 5

FADH2

Cori cycle

takes lactate made in muscles to liver then brings glucose made from liver back to muscles

gluconeogenesis takes place

in the Liver

gluconeogenesis precursors

lactate, amino acids, glycerol

You DO NOT use

pyruvate kinase to synthesize glucose from lactate

products of pathways

can inhibit further activity

oxaloacetate can also be made in one step from

pyruvate and aspartate

ETC pumps protons

out of its sanctuary

ATP Synthase secretly

let’s them back in

pyruvate has

3 carbons

oxaloacetate has

4 carbons

alpha-ketoglutarate has

5 carbons

citrate has

6 carbons

for western blot

size is bigger at the top and smaller at the bottom

NADH and FADH2

carry 2 electrons

citrate can leave the mitochondria for

fatty acid synthesis