The real waves

Amplitude

The maximum/minimum displacement of a wave.

Wavelength

The distance of one complete oscillation of a wave, usually measured from crest to crest.

Crest

The top point of a wave.

Trough

The bottom point of a wave.

Time Period (T)

The time it takes for one complete oscillation.

Frequency (f)

The number of complete oscillations per second, measured in hertz.

Wave Speed

The speed of a wave, calculated using the formula: wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m).

Transverse Waves

Waves where oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

Longitudinal Waves

Waves where oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

Constructive Interference

When two waves overlap to create a wave with a higher amplitude.

Destructive Interference

When two waves overlap with equal amplitude but opposite direction, cancelling each other out.

Reflection

The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary.

Refraction

The change of direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, due to different densities.

Electromagnetic Waves

Transverse waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelength and lowest frequency, used in communication.

Ionosphere

Layer of the atmosphere that reflects short radio waves for communication.