gen chem 2 vocab and equations

immiscible

Describes liquids that do not mix or blend together

Raoult’s Law

used for vapor pressure based on concentrations (mole fraction)

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

connects vapor pressure, temperature, and the enthalpy of vaporization

miscible

liquids of similar polarities that mix together

k units - zeroth order

concentration/time or M/s

k units - first order

1/s or s^-1

k units - second order

1/(M·s) or M^-1s^-1

when Q=0,

the reaction has not progressed

when Q>K,

the reaction shifts to the left, goes reverses, makes reactants

when Q<K

reaction goes forward, shifts to the right, makes products

when Q=K

reaction is at equilibrium

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

for a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe will always increase, dS_universe > 0, dS_system+dS_surroundings > 0

3rd law of thermodynamics

entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) is zero

the common ion effect

when a substance with a similar ion as a reactant is added to a solution where a similar ion exists, causes a reverse shift in equilibrium and a decrease in solubility

when dG > 0

the reaction is non-spontaneous

when dG < 0

the reaction is spontaneous

cathode

where reduction occurs

anode

where oxidation occurs

the oxidizing agent is:

the oxidant, being reduced

the oxidant is:

the oxidizing agent, being reduced

the element being reduced is:

the oxidant, the oxidizing agent

the reductant is:

the reducing agent, being oxidized

the reducing agent is:

being oxidized, the reductant

the element being reduced is:

the oxidant, the oxidizing agent

positive dG means

the reaction is non spontaneous

a negative dG means:

the reaction is spontaneous

when dS and dH are both negative,

the reaction will be spontaneous at low temperatures and non-spontaneous at high temperatures

when dS and dH are positive,

the reaction will be non-spontaneous at low temperatures and spontaneous at high temperatures

when dS is positive and dH is negative,

the reaction will be spontaneous

when dS is negative and dH is positive

the reaction will ne non-spontaneous