Biology Term 1 Flashcards

What compounds are made in the smooth ER?

Carbohydrates, lipids, steroids

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

the passive movement of water across the cell membrane to an area with a higher concentration

Protein channels

a means by which small hydrophilic molecules like ions, move passively across the cell membrane

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Cholesterol

the lipid embedded in the cell membrane that controls the fluidity of the membrane

Glycoproteins

A substance in the cell membrane important for cell-cell recognition. Composed of a carbohydrate chain attached to a protein

Fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Hydrophilic

A substance attracted to water

Hydrophobic

substance that does not have an affinity for water

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell by way of a concentration gradient

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a semi-permeable membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main unit of energy that cells use

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Polar molecules

Molecule with a partial charge

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Phagolysosome

Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by enzymes.

surface area to volume ratio

For any cell the ratio of surface area to volume; this is an important factor in setting an upper limit on the size a cell or organism can attain.

rate of diffusion

The relative movement of a particle in response to a concentration gradient

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

light energy

Energy in the form of moving waves of light

glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

carbon dioxide

A gas that is expelled from the body by the respiratory system.

oxygen

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules
(e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disccharides

Two monosaccharides attached together (e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose)

Cellular requirements for survival

Amino acids, Fatty acids, Glycerol, Nucleic acids, Ions

Cellular wastes

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, ammonia, uric acid, water, ions, metabolic heat

Similarities that exist between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as a reflection of their common evolutionary past

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleic acid, ribosomes, cellular respiration, photosynthesis (in some)

How prokaryotic cells are different to eukaryotes

Lack membrane-bound organelles, lack of nucleus, smaller in size, singular circular chromsome, (plasmid/s), unicellular

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

Mitochondria

organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Rough ER

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

Smooth ER

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; free of ribosomes that make lipids, carbohydrates and steroids.

Protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Glycolipid

A substance in the cell membrane that facilitates cell recognition and membrane stability and is composed of a carbohydrate chain attached to a lipid.

Semi-permeable

characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others

Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vesicle are released to the exterior through fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane.

Examples of large polar molecules that cannot pass through membrane without help

Glucose

Examples of small polar molecules that can pass through membrane

Water

Examples of small non-polar molecules that can pass through membrane

Oxygen gas and Carbon dioxide gas

Examples of charged molecules that cannot pass through membrane

Ions

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins

Carrier protein

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.

Sodium potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Proton pump

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process, to bring glucose across the membrane

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Unicellular

A single celled organism

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 12H2O --\> light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Carbon dioxide + water (sunlight) -\> glucose + oxygen + water

Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

Glucose + oxygen -\> energy (36-38ATP) + carbon dioxide

Light dependent reaction

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH from water (photolysis). Occurs in the thylakoid stacks (grana)

Light independent reaction

a reaction of photosynthesis that uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to make high-energy sugars. Occurs in the stroma

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Glycolysis

A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvate or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP

Anaerobic

Describes a process that does not require oxygen.

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Kreb's cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Electron transport chain

The conversion of NADH and FADH2 back to their original forms releases large amounts of energy

Fermentation

A process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without oxygen (therefore without an electron transport chain) and that produces a characteristic end product, such as alcohol or lactic acid.

Location of glycolysis

Energy production occurring in the cell cytoplasm/cytosol

Location of Kreb's cycle

Energy production occurring in the mitochondrial matrix (gel-like material in the mitochondria)

Mitochondrial matrix

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

Location of Electron Transport Chain

Energy production occurring in the outer membrane of mitochondria. Facilitated by increased folds/surface area.

Enzyme

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst that facilitates biochemical reaction.

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative lower energy pathway for the reaction to proceed

Active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Activated complex

a transitional structure that results from an effective collision and that persists while old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming

Denatured

loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Plastid

group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Total magnification

objective lens x ocular lens

Actual size

image size/magnification

Magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Field of view

the visible area of the specimen seen through the eyepiece of a compound microscope

Field of view formula

Number of FOV ÷ Total Magnification

Intracellular fluid

the fluid contained within cells

Extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

Enzyme activity

a measure of the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a specific reaction.

enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

lock and key model

Enzymes are specific. The only work on the substrate that they "fit." Just like a lock has a specific key to open it.

induced fit model

Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)

Monomer

A single atom/molecule that when bonded with other identical molecules form a polymer.

Polymer

When similar types of monomers form a larger macromolecules.

Heterotrophs

Organisms which eat other plants or animals for nutrients.

Autotrophs

They are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy.

Eukaryotes Organelles

* Nucleus
* Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Golgi Apparatus
* Mitochondrion

What do Cells Need to Survive?

* Source of Energy
* Matter (Oxygen and Carbon-Dioxide)
* Nutrients
* Waste Removal