bio

XO and endocytosis are both fueled by

The input of energy

Osmosis occurs when

Clearwater enters a space filled with water and molecules

Exocytosis

Materials go out

How do parasitic cells evade an immune system

They produce new glycoproteins similar to the host cells

When using radioactive isotopes tagged onto mouse cells then fusing those cells with human cells what happens to the proteins

The proteins are dispersed across both human and mouse membranes

Why might someone with a y chromosome still end up female presenting

Defective receptors can't sense t

Glucose and amino acids are not lipid soluble and need what to pass through cell membrane

To combine with carrier proteins to pass through the cell membrane

adds stiffness and strength to the plasma membrane

Cholesterol

When there are large numbers of mitochondria

There is a lot of active transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypotonic solution

Having less water

Facilitated transport by carrier proteins

Represented by glucose carrier, transports hundreds of molecules

During receptor mediated endocytosis

Receptor proteins bind to molecules

Active transport involves

Low to high concentration, with energy

Facilitated diffusion and active transport use

Carrier molecules

If 0.9% salt were isotonic to a cell

1% would be hypertonic

Penocytosis

Energy costing, fluid and solutes taken into a cell via vesicles

Feature of fluid mosaic nature of the membrane

Cell membrane can repair damage

Hypotonic

Higher solute inside ,higher water outside, water moves in

One role of integral proteins

Channels or carriers

Plasmolysis

When plants shrivel up because of loss of water

What percent of salt is needed in a saline solution to be isotonic to human blood

.9%

Without ATP which process ceases immediately

Sodium potassium pump

When there is a higher concentration during diffusion

higher the speed

A cell placed in a solution of large carb molecules tagged with red dye. Soon the cell is dark red showing a concentration of nutrient higher than external solution. Stopping ATV what happens

Color remains the same transfer stops

What membrane is needed for osmosis

Selectively permeable

Stage homologous chromosomes separate from each other in meiosis

Anaphase 1

G2 checkpoint

Mitosis checkpoint that precedes if DNA is properly replicated

M checkpoint

Spindle assembly checkpoint that precedes if every duplicated chromosome is ready for sister chromatids to separate

Mitosis includes specifically

Nuclear division

During meiosis what kind of chromatids exchange genetic material

Non-sister chromatids

You're looking at a single chromosome in a human what is the source of all genes on this chromosome

Either mother or father

Which of the following is a false statement regarding eukaryotic chromosomes

At the time of cell division the chromatin is dispersed or extended

Growth factors

Hormones that deliver a signal to the plasma membrane of target cells

Centrosomes

Organize the spindle

In the fetal ovaries all diploid what begin meiosis

Primary oocytes

Secondary oocyte

Receives almost all cytoplasm

An example of a protein coded for by proto oncogene

A Growth factor receptor

When chromosomes in a cell undergo mitosis they cannot

Undergo RNA synthesis

Sister chromatids

Identical chromosome strands attached at a centromere

The cell cycle consists of

Mitotic stage and interface

s phase

DNA synthesis takes place within the cell

G1 phase

Cell grows and organelles replicate

What lines up during metaphase 2 and metaphase and mitosis

- individual chromosomes each composed of two sister chromatids, - individual chromosomes each composed of two sister chromatids

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids separate from each other

If a crayfish has 200 total chromosomes in his body cells

They would consist of 100 pairs with one of each pair from the male parent and the female parent

Order of the cell cycle

G1, s, g2, m

An organism has eight pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell. If the reproductive cells that produce the sperm and eggs did not undergo meiosis how many pairs of chromosomes would be present in a cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and egg

16 pairs

When does synapsis occur

Prophase 1

What does a secondary oocyte need to complete meiosis 2

Fertilization

If a cell stops at the G1 checkpoint this is likely due to what problem

DNA damage

OoGenesis

Occurs in the ovary and produces an egg with 23 chromosomes

Cell division that has no asters would all so have no

Cleavage furrow

What process occurs in both mitosis and meiosis

Single chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

When does the nuclear envelope disappear and do chromosomes become distinct in mitosis

Prophase

Cellular respiration involves

The release of energy

Glycolysis takes place

In the cytoplasm

Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell

Contains just about the amount of energy required for most reactions

Product of anaerobic respiration

Pyruvate

Final product of glycolysis is

Two pyruvate, to atp, to nadh plus h

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate

To regenerate nad+

Molecules and carbons formed from cleavage of glucose during glycolysis

Two molecules with three carbons

What phase of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water

Glycolysis and etc

Why are two ATP needed to begin glycolysis

To activate glucose

You've discovered an organism inside the gastrointestinal tract without a nucleus how does it obtain energy

Glycolysis

What molecules are the products of aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide and water

What is the cost for glycolysis

2 atp, 2 nad+, glucose, 2 ADP

What phases of cellular respiration produce nadh and h+

Glycolysis prep reaction and citric acid cycle

In cellular respiration what is the relationship between the energy content of the reactants and products

Energy content of the reactants must be greater than energy content of the products

Why does pyruvate contain less energy than glucose

The breakdown of glucose is a catabolic process and exergonic

False statement regarding photosystems

Photosystem one comes before photosystem 2 and the non-cyclic pathway

Why are plant leaves green

They reflect green wavelengths of light

What Ray has the most energy

Gamma rays

The production of oxygen and the beginning of extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of

Photosystem too

The excess of protons in the thylakoid space

Moves from thyroid space to stroma through ATP synthase complex

What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS2 to PS1 and then on to nadp Plus

Non cyclic electron pathway

Which molecule would you need to radioactively label to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis

Water

Pathway that is the foundation for majority of ecosystems on Earth

Photosynthesis

The reservoir for h+ during photosynthesis is the

Thylakoid space

The ATP center's complex and cellular respiration of photosynthesis are are dissimilar in that

Those are present in animal and plant cells

Number of membranes in a chloroplast

Three

Water is split and oxygen is released in

Noncyclic electron pathway

Grana

A stack of thylakoid membranes

Value of photosynthesis to humans

Reduces amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Main function of the stomata

Allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf

Explanation of why the chloroplast uses cyclic electron pathway as well as non cyclic electron pathway

Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than nadph and cyclic electron pathway produces ATP

Which of the following experimental results would show conclusively that O2 is released from H2O and not CO2

When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant the plant produces heavy too

Cyclic electron pathway produces

ATP

Pigment

Capture solar energy

Most closely associated with process of electron transport

Sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids

Products of non-cyclic electron pathway

H+, 02, atp, nadph

An experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with plastic that only allows a single color of light through in which box would we expect the least plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur

Green

At the cellular level photosynthesis occurs

Within the chloroplast

Stroma refers to

Central fluid filled space of the chloroplast

Nadp Plus

Coenzyme involved in the light reactions

Stages of translation

Initiation elongation termination

Post transcriptional control

The speed of transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Pre-transcriptional control

Involves methylation and chromatin packing as a way to keep jeans turned off

If the protein coat of a virus that infects a bacterium is labeled with radioactive sulfur while the DNA of the virus is labeled with radioactive phosphorus

Only the phosphorus will be found inside the bacterium

When lactose is present in the environment of e coli

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter