Motivation & Emotion - AP Psychology Term Review

Over-Justification Effect

The consequence of offering rewards to an activity one already likes to do. This leads to a decrease in motivation/drive as over time, they begin to view the rewards as motivation.

Drive-Reduction

When biological needs are unmet, one can become motivated to stop the internal stress that it creates. Effectively, they are put into a state of tension/drive that encourages the individual to meet the need. (Ex. Your stomach is growling due to hunger. This drives you to eat something.)

Homeostasis

The body maintains mostly constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies.

Orexin

A neurotransmitter within the hypothalamus that causes hunger cravings.

Leptin

A hormone created by fat cells. Increased levels of this counteract orexin, raise metabolism, and decrease hunger. Decreased levels raise orexin production, lower metabolism, and raise hunger.

Ghrelin

A hormone secreted on an empty stomach, sending signals to the brain to increase orexin production.

Peptide YY (PYY)

A digestive tract hormone that sends signals to the brain to cut orexin production.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Part of the brain responsible for hunger.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Part of the brain responsible for stopping eating.

Opponent-Process Theory/Arousal Theory/Yerkes-Dodson Law

Motivation for some behaviors is based on emotions, emotional drive, or moods.

The Garcia Effect

Thinking about a certain food that is connected to an unpleasant event will stop one’s desire for that food.

Extrinsic Motivation

Behavior motivated by the promise of reward from outside sources, such as money, trophies, or prizes.

Intrinsic Motivation

Behavior motivated by the promise of internal rewards, such as the feeling of satisfaction or goal-reaching.

Paul Ekman

The man who theorized that facial expressions of emotion are not universally determined, and are innate in some cases.

Instinct Theory

The theory that behavior is motivated by innate, biological, and unlearned responses.

Affiliation Need

The need to build relationships and to feel affiliated with a group.

Ostracism

Being excluded/shunned from a group.