AP GOV

Federal Government & States — How Money Is Shared

Mandates, unfunded Mandates, Intergovernmental lobby, categorical grants, revenue sharing, block grants

1. Mandates

Congress orders states to do something.

• Example: ADA requires wheelchair access.

2. Unfunded Mandates

• Congress orders states to do something but gives NO money.

•States must pay for it themselves.

3. Intergovernmental Lobby

• When state/local officials ask Congress for money.

4. Categorical Grants (Johnson – Great Society)

• Money must be spent in very specific ways.

• Highly controlled by federal gov.

5. Revenue Sharing (Nixon)

• Money given to states with NO conditions.

•States can spend freely.

6. Block Grants (Reagan)

• Money with some restrictions, but states get flexibility.

• Example: welfare reform, education grants.

Clause 1 of the 14th Amendment

1. Privileges & Immunities Clause

•States cannot take away privileges of U.S. citizens.

 Clause 2 of the 14th Amendment

• States cannot take life, liberty, property without fair process.

2. Due Process Clause

Clause 3 of the 14th Amendment

 3. Incorporation (Selective Incorporation)

Meaning: Parts of the Bill of Rights MUST apply to states.

Clause 4 of the 14th Amendment

Equal Protection Clause

• Everyone is treated equally under the law.

• Used in MOST civil rights cases.

Priveliges and Immunities clause case

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873): narrowed the clause; states still able to take many rights away → clause became weak.

Due Process Clause

Barron v. Baltimore (1833): Bill of Rights does NOT apply to states (this changes later with incorporation).

Incorporation (Selective Incorporation)

Gitlow v. New York (1925) → 1st Amendment must be incorporated.

• Mapp v. Ohio (1961) → 4th Amendment incorporated (search and seizure).

 Equal Protection Clause

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – “Separate but equal” is allowed.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

• Shaw v. Reno (1993) – States can’t draw voting boundaries based on race.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Ends segregation in private businesses

• Ensures equal opportunity

24th Amendment (1964)

• Ends poll taxes

Voting Rights Act (1965)

• Ends literacy tests

• Encourages African American voter registration

ADA – Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)

• Equal access in employment, transportation, accommodations

 IV. Dred Scott (1857)

Slave taken into free territory

• Sued for freedom

• Supreme Court ruled he was not a citizen

• Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Overturned by:

• 13th (ends slavery)

• 14th (citizenship)

• 15th (black men vote)

Johnson (1963–1969)-– Great Society

• War on Poverty

• Expanded federal programs

• Used categorical grants

Nixon (1969–1974)

• Undid some Great Society programs

• Used revenue sharing