ch.21 genitourinary tract

micro bio final

what are the natural defenses of the male/female GU tract

• voiding (urination): flushes micrboes

• lysozyme and lactoferrin (antimicrobial proteins)

• secretory IgA (immune protection)

• estrogen (supports protective vaginal flora in females)
  

List the types of normal biota of both sexes

• Males: Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, anaerobic gram-negative bacteria (esp. uncircumcised)

• Females: Lactobacillus (dominant), Candida albicans (low numbers), Gardnerella vaginalis (low numbers)

what is cytitis and pyelonephritis

• Cystitis: bladder infection

• Pyelonephritis: kidney infection

what are the symptoms of UTI

• back pain

• cloudy urine

• dysuria (painful urination)

• frequent urge to urinate

• fever

What are the most causative agents of a UTI

• 95% from GI tract

• 80% E. coli

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Proteus mirabilis

Describe the difference between vaginitis and vaginosis and what are some triggers for these conditions

• Vaginitis: inflammation, usually Candida albicans overgrowth

  • Triggers: broad-spectrum antibiotics, diabetes, pregnancy, HIV

• Vaginosis: bacterial imbalance, less inflammation, Gardnerella vaginalis overgrowth (fishy odor)

  • Triggers: semen, saliva

Describe Group B Strep and what individuals are most at risk for disease with this bacteria.

• streptococcus agalactiae

• No issues for non-pregnant females

• Risk: pregnant women → associated with preterm delivery

What are some complications from Group B Strep infections.

• Neonatal bloodstream infections

• Meningitis

• Pneumonia

Define prostatitis and list symptoms

• Definition: Inflammation of prostate gland (often GI bacteria)

• Symptoms: Painful urination, frequent urge, painful ejaculation, difficulty emptying bladder

What is the gram stain reaction, catalase reaction and oxidase result for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

• Gram stain: Gram-negative diplococci

• Catalase: Positive

• Oxidase: Positive

List symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae infections and possible complications

• Yellow or bloody discharge

• Painful urination

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Infertility

• Asymptomatic: 10% males, 50% females

What are the virulence factors for N. gonorrhoeae

• Fimbriae anchor to mucosal cells

• Fimbriae can rearrange (antigenic variation)

• IgA protease (destroys host defense)

Describe the virulence factors for Chlamydia trachomatis and symptoms

• Virulence factors: Intracellular growth, triggers cytokine release → inflammation, higher risk of PID in females

• Symptoms: Discharge, painful urination

• 75% asymptomatic

What is the causative agent for syphilis

• Treponema pallidum (Gram-negative spirochete)

Describe the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis

• Primary: Painless hard chancre

• Secondary: Rash, hair loss, bone/joint pain

• Tertiary: Gummas, Argyll-Robertson pupil (not transmissible)

List complications from congenital syphilis

• Notched barrel teeth (“Hutchinson’s teeth”)

• “Snuffles” (profuse nasal discharge)

• Late congenital syphilis complications

What is the causative agent for Chancroid disease

• Haemophilus ducreyi

What makes the chancre different in chancroid disease from syphilis

• Syphilis: hard, painless chancre

• Chancroid: soft, painful chancre

Describe the agents that cause herpes

• HSV-1 and HSV-2

What are symptoms of herpes infections

• Painful, tender vesicles with clear fluid

• Locations: mouth, genitals, breasts, buttocks, thighs, groin

What does HPV stand for

Human Papillomavirus

List the symptoms of HPV and possible complications

SYMPTOMS

• Warts on genitalia, buttocks, groin, thigh, pelvic area

COMPLICATIONS

• Oncovirus → cervical cancer

• Also linked to throat, penile, anal cancers

• CDC: nearly all sexually active adults will get HPV

• Vaccine: ~97% protection against cervical cancer & warts