Quiz #2 Unit 9-14

Within the last two centuries population growth rate has been at ___%, while food production has increased by ____%.

1\.08%

2\.2%

Has protein and calorie intake increased or decreased over the last several decades?

increased

Today, hunger ranges from ____% in well to do nations to _____% in poor nations.

TRUE or FALSE

Most nations with hunger problems are located in Africa.

True

Globally, has malnourishment decreased or Increased in the last several decades?

It has decreased from 60% in the 1960s to 15%

Define famine

Characterized by large-scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disputation, and economic chaos

Define malnourishment

Nutritional imbalance caused by lack of specific dietary components or an inability to absorb or utilize essential nutrients

Individuals with a body mass index of ____kg/m2 are considered obese

>30

Which food types provide The broadest daily diet and which food type provide the smallest portion of diet?

The broadest daily diet is dairy and calcium and the smallest portion is red meat, unhealthy fat, sugar and salt.

Which grain crop is the leading production crop in U.S.? Globally?

In the US it is corn

Globally, wheat, rice, and corn is the leading production

Give example of primary plants for food in cool and moist climates, and in warm and wet climates.

Primary plants for food in cool and moist climates are potatoes, barley, oats, and rye

In warm and wet climates, primary plants for food are cassava, sweet potatoes, and other roots

In 1960s, in U.S., meat consumption per person, per year was ____kg, and it is ___kg today

90

136

How much grain is needed to produce on kg of each of fish, chicken, and pork?

More than 8 kg of grain to produce 1kg of beef, 1.1 kg of grain for 1kg of fish, 2kg of grain for 1kg of chicken, 4kg of grain for 1kg of pork

Considering the number of offspring produce by swine and cattle, which is more economical to a farmer to raise swine or cattle? Why?

Swine are more economical for a farmer to raise compared to cattle because pigs produce more offspring and need less grain.

What are the adverse effects of land conversion to farm land to produce crops?

Biodiversity is lost when land conversion takes place

What is a triticale? What is the advantage of planting semi-dwarf wheat in windy areas?

Triticale is a hybrid between wheat and rye. The advantage of planting semi-dwarf wheat in windy areas is that it provides resistance against lodging and is drought intolerant

What are pros and cons of so called” high responders” plants?

Pros: they yield more than other varieties

Cons: they must have steady inputs of fertilizer, water, and pest control. Without these and irrigation, they may yield less than normal plants.

How is a GMO produced?

Produced by removing DNA from one organism and splicing it into chromosomes of another

What is meant by a transgenic organism?

Transgenic organism is another name for GMOs,

What problems are associated with GMO?

There is worry that the GMOs will escape and out compete wild relatives

Does our processed food in U,S. contain GMO products? By how much?

Yes it does, about 60% of processed food the United States contains GMOs

Define soil

A mix of sand, silt, and clay. It is a renewable resource that develops gradually through weathering of rocks and accumulation of organic minerals.

Accumulation of topsoil is slow. It take a year to replace _________ mm of soil.

1

Conventional farming methods may result in sever topsoil erosion that can exceed _______ mm/year.

25

**What are the 6 soil components?**

Silts, clay, sand, gravel, soil fauna, and flora.

Why too much sand in soil is a source of concern?

There are large pores so the soil can’t retain water

Why too much clay cause problem in a soil?

The pores are too small so the soil retains too much water.

What is the role of organic matter in soil?

It helps with water and nutrient retention and keeps soil particles from fragmentation.

What are the sizes of clay, silt and sand?

Clay:

How does a typical Brazilian soil appear? What are the disadvantages of this kind of soil?

\-Appear as weathered red clay, it has little organic nutrients and water.

\-It is more prone to storm runoff and erosion

What is the appearance of Central US? What advantage(s) does this soil posses over the Brazilian soil ?

\-It is rich, black soil, rich in nutrients and organic materials, holds water moisture well unlike Brazilian soil

What is the function of mycorrhizal fungi?

The function is to feed the plants with its water and inorganic nutrients to enhance the plants growth.

Define O Horizon

\-organic layer

\-leaf litter, most soil organisms and partially decomposed organisms

Define A Horizon

\-Surface soil

\-Mineral particles mixed with organic material

Define E Horizon

\-Washed out layer

\-Its depleted of soluble nutrients

Define B Horizon

\-Subsoil

\-Often dense texture due to clays

Define C Horizon

Weathered rock fragments with little organic material

Which layer(horizon) does provide the most and immediate use for plants?

O Horizon

What is the correct order for soil horizons

Top: O, A, E, B, C: Bottom

What are the characteristics of mollisols?

\-Mollisols are soils with thick, organic-rich A-horizon which developed from deep, dense roots when this land was covered by prairie grasslands

What are the characteristics of the Alfisols?

Developed in deciduous forests and have a thinner A-horizon and less organic material

Which one of mollisols or Alfisol is prone to erosion?

Mollisols are more prone to erosion

How many hectares are lost due to erosion and how many hectares are due to land conversion?

\-3 mil/year due to erosion

\-4 mil/year due to land conversion

From 1970 to 2010, arable land/person has shrunk from ____ha to ____ha.

0\.38 to 0.21

Define sheet erosion

when a thin layer of surface is removed

Define rill erosion

when small rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels

Define gully erosion

when rills enlarge to form bigger channels too large to be removed by normal tillage

Define stream bank erosion

when soil from banks of stream and rivers are washed away

How much land is threatened due to desertification?

1/3rd of the earth is threatened

In intensive farming, what factors do contribute to erosion?

\-Removing weeds leaves field surface exposed

\-removing trees removes windbreaks and exposes soil to wind erosion

What industry does use the greatest share of water on Earth?

Agriculture uses the largest single share of global water use

What is salinization?

It results in accumulation of salt in soil which in excess destroys plants.

What is contour plowing?

plowing across slope to slow flow of water

What is strip farming?

Planting different crops in alternating strips along laid contours

What is terracing?

Shaping land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil.

What are biocides?

Kills wide variety of living organisms

What are herbicides?

Kills plants

What are insecticides?

Kills insects

What os fungicide?

Kills fungi

What are the characteristics of organophosphates?

\-They are the most abundantly used synthetic pesticides

\-quickly degrades and doesn’t persist

\-dangerous to workers and can be lethal

ex.) RoundUp

What are the characteristics of chlorinated hydrocarbons?

\-fast acting and highly toxic to sensitive organisms

\-persistent and concrete in food chains

ex.) atrazine, mothballs, and DDT

What kind of pesticide is nicotine?

It is a natural organic pesticide

Considering pesticides, what is meant by Non-target Species?

When broadly sprayed pesticides might not reach intended target and instead kill beneficial organisms

What is pest resurgence?

When pests survive pesticide and repopulate the area with more resistant pests

What are POPS’ characteristics and their examples?

\-They are Persistent organic pollutants, chlorinated hydrocarbons that are stable, soluble in fats, and toxic

\-Ex.) DDT

What is “grasshopper effect”?

When pollutants are evaporated from warms regions and condense in polar regions

WHO estimates that _______ people suffer pesticide poisoning, and ____die annually.

25 mil

20,000

Almost ______% of conventionally grown foods in U.S. contain residues of pesticides.

73

What percent of farmland in U.S. is organic?

What is a locavore?

A person whose diet consists only or principally of locally grown or produced food

Organic food must be produce without certain and specific substances. What are they?

Must be produced without the use of hormones, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or genetic modification

What is IPM?

It is a flexible, ecologically based strategy that’s applied at specific times against specific pests

(some pesticides are allowed)

What is the purpose of Tarp Crops?

\-The purpose is to plant small areas first before the main crop

\-they’ll mature first and attract the insects

By observing this figure, is IPM as productive as conventional pest management?

Using biological controls (instead of chemicals) produces more and costs less for farmers and government

Define loam

Loam is a good soil texture with proper amounts of sand, silt, and clay

List 5 means by which the soil erosion due to intensive farming occur

Sanitation, contour plowing, strip farming, terracing, and biocides.

What are examples of use of pesticides in ancient times?

Sulfur, mercury, oils, ash, and crop rotation are pesticides in ancient times

What is Genetic Diversity?

it measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species

What is Species Diversity?

it measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community

What is Ecological Diversity?

it measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species

What are hotspots and why are they important?

They are the areas where there is great biodiversity but it is at risk due to human activities

Differentiate between species richness and species evenness.

Species richness-total number of species in a community

Species evenness-relative abundance of individuals within each species

Define species

Individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Currently, _____species have been identified, but estimates range between ____.

1\.7 mil

3-50 mil

What percent of species are invertebrates? Insects?

\-up to 65%

\-4 to 6 million

What 3 groups of animals ( ranked) posses the highest endangered percentages?

\-Amphibians (30.5%)

\-Mammals (21.7%)

\-Birds (13.2%)

What 3 groups of plants(ranked) posses the highest endangered percentages?

\-Gymnosperms (core bearing plants) (38%)

\-Flowering plants (angiosperms) (3.9%)

\-Fern and allies (1.6%)

What ecological benefits does biodiversity provide?

\-soil formation, waste disposal, air and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy absorption, and biogeochemical and hydrological cycles

How many mass extinctions Earth has faced thus far?

Earth has had 5 mass extinctions

What is meant by the sixth mass extinction?

The extinction of more modern species due to humans

In which geological time period, 95% of marine species and half of plants and animals died? How long ago was it?

The Permian period

In which period dinosaurs faced extinction?

During Cretaceous period

If the present trend continues, within 50 years, ________primates, and ______of all birds

1/2 of primates

1/4 of birds

What does each letter in HIPPO indicate?

Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, and overharvesting

Which one of the factors in HIPPO has the greatest impact on biodiversity reduction?

Habitat destruction

Why are invasive species of concern?

Because they are overtaking original plants

Which animal species is greatly susceptible to over harvesting to a point of collapse?

all fish stocks

What actions are prohibited per the Endangered Species Act of 1973?

Prevents taking, selling, possessing, transporting, or shipping of endangered species

How many species in U.S. are on the Threatened/Endangered list in U.S.?

1,372 species

What does USFWS stand for? What are the shortcomings of USFWS?

\-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services

\-Shortcomings are that its required to propose a recovery plan

-takes years to do and is expensive